Anti-tumor immune response after photodynamic therapy (original) (raw)
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Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors Can Lead to Development of Systemic Antigen-Specific Immune Response
PLoS ONE, 2010
The mechanism by which the immune system can effectively recognize and destroy tumors is dependent on recognition of tumor antigens. The molecular identity of a number of these antigens has recently been identified and several immunotherapies have explored them as targets. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anti-cancer modality that uses a non-toxic photosensitizer and visible light to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that destroy tumors. PDT has been shown to lead to local destruction of tumors as well as to induction of anti-tumor immune response.
Photodynamic therapy plus low-dose cyclophosphamide generates antitumor immunity in a mouse model
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modality for the treatment of cancer involving excitation of nontoxic photosensitizers with harmless visible light-producing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. PDT causes apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells, destruction of the tumor blood supply, and activation of the immune system. The objective of this study was to compare in an animal model of metastatic cancer PDT alone and PDT combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide (CY) a treatment that has been proposed to deplete regulatory T cells (T-regs) and increase the immune response to some tumors. We used J774 tumors (a highly metastatic reticulum cell sarcoma line) and PDT with benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A, verteporfin for injection (BPD; 1-mg/kg injected i.v. followed after 15 min by 150 J/cm 2 of 690-nm light). CY (50 or 150 mg/kg i.p.) was injected 48 h before light delivery. PDT alone led to tumor regressions and a survival advantage but no permanent cures were obtained. BPD-PDT in combination with low-dose CY (but not high-dose CY) led to 70% permanent cures. Low-dose CY alone gave no permanent cures but did provide a survival advantage and was shown to reduce CD4؉FoxP3؉ T-regs in lymph nodes, whereas high-dose CY reduced other lymphocyte classes as well. Cured animals were rechallenged with J774 cells, and the tumors were rejected in 71% of mice. Cured mice had tumor-specific T cells in spleens as determined by a 51 Cr release assay. We conclude that low-dose CY depletes T-regs and potentiates BPD-PDT, leading to tumor cures and memory immunity.
British journal of cancer, 2013
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can lead to development of antigen-specific immune response and PDT-mediated immunity can be potentiated by T regulatory cell (Treg) depletion. We investigated whether the combination of PDT with cyclophosphamide (CY) could foster immunity against wild-type tumours expressing self-antigen (gp70). Mice with CT26 tumours were treated with PDT alone or in combination with low-dose CY. T regulatory cell numbers and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels were measured at several time points after treatment. Mice cured by PDT+CY were rechallenged with CT26 and monitored for long-term survival. Photodynamic therapy+CY led to complete tumour regression and long-term survival in 90% of treated mice while the absolute numbers of Treg decreased after PDT+CY and the TGF-β levels were reduced to a level comparable to naïve mice. Sixty-five percent of the mice treated with PDT+CY that survived over 90 days tumour free rejected the rechallenge with the same tumour w...
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 2016
Background: Future cancer immunotherapies will combine multiple treatments to generate functional immune responses to cancer antigens through synergistic, multi-modal mechanisms. In this study we explored the combination of three distinct immunotherapies: a class I restricted peptide-based cancer vaccine, metronomic cyclophosphamide (mCPA) and anti-PD-1 treatment in a murine tumor model expressing HPV16 E7 (C3). Methods: Mice were implanted with C3 tumors subcutaneously. Tumor bearing mice were treated with mCPA (20 mg/kg/day PO) for seven continuous days on alternating weeks, vaccinated with HPV16 E7 49-57 peptide antigen formulated in the DepoVax (DPX) adjuvanting platform every second week, and administered anti-PD-1 (200 μg/dose IP) after each vaccination. Efficacy was measured by following tumor growth and survival. Immunogenicity was measured by IFN-γ ELISpot of spleen, vaccine draining lymph nodes and tumor draining lymph nodes. Tumor infiltration was measured by flow cytometry for CD8α + peptide-specific T cells and RT-qPCR for cytotoxic proteins. The clonality of tumor infiltrating T cells was measured by TCRβ sequencing using genomic DNA. Results: Untreated C3 tumors had low expression of PD-L1 in vivo and anti-PD-1 therapy alone provided no protection from tumor growth. Treatment with DPX/mCPA could delay tumor growth, and tri-therapy with DPX/mCPA/anti-PD-1 provided long-term control of tumors. We found that treatment with DPX/mCPA/anti-PD-1 enhanced systemic antigen-specific immune responses detected in the spleen as determined by IFN-γ ELISpot compared to those in the DPX/mCPA group, but immune responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes were not increased. Although no increases in antigen-specific CD8α + TILs could be detected, there was a trend for increased expression of cytotoxic genes within the tumor microenvironment as well as an increase in clonality in mice treated with DPX/mCPA/ anti-PD-1 compared to those with anti-PD-1 alone or DPX/mCPA. Using a library of antigen-specific CD8α + T cell clones, we found that antigen-specific clones were more frequently expanded in the DPX/mCPA/anti-PD-1 treated group. Conclusions: These results demonstrate how the efficacy of anti-PD-1 may be improved by combination with a potent and targeted T cell activating immune therapy.
Photodynamic therapy for cancer and activation of immune response
Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE, 2010
Anti-tumor immunity is stimulated after PDT for cancer due to the acute inflammatory response, exposure and presentation of tumor-specific antigens, and induction of heat-shock proteins and other danger signals. Nevertheless effective, powerful tumor-specific immune response in both animal models and also in patients treated with PDT for cancer, is the exception rather than the rule. Research in our laboratory and also in others is geared towards identifying reasons for this sub-optimal immune response and discovering ways of maximizing it. Reasons why the immune response after PDT is less than optimal include the fact that tumor-antigens are considered to be self-like and poorly immunogenic, the tumor-mediated induction of CD4+CD25+foxP3+ regulatory T-cells (T-regs), that are able to inhibit both the priming and the effector phases of the cytotoxic CD8 T-cell anti-tumor response and the defects in dendritic cell maturation, activation and antigen-presentation that may also occur. Alternatively-activated macrophages (M2) have also been implicated. Strategies to overcome these immune escape mechanisms employed by different tumors include combination regimens using PDT and immunostimulating treatments such as products obtained from pathogenic microorganisms against which mammals have evolved recognition systems such as PAMPs and toll-like receptors (TLR). This paper will cover the use of CpG oligonucleotides (a TLR9 agonist found in bacterial DNA) to reverse dendritic cell dysfunction and methods to remove the immune suppressor effects of T-regs that are under active study.
Clinical Cancer Research, 2004
Purpose: The unique mechanism of tumor destruction by photodynamic therapy (PDT), resulting from apoptotic and necrotic killing of tumor cells accompanied by local inflammatory reaction and induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs), prompted us to investigate the antitumor effectiveness of the combination of PDT with administration of immature dendritic cells (DCs). Experimental Design: Confocal microscopy and Western blotting were used to investigate the influence of PDT on the induction of apoptosis and expression of HSP expression in C-26 cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies were used to examine phagocytosis of PDT-treated C-26 cells by DCs. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 was measured with ELISA. Cytotoxic activity of lymph node cells was evaluated in a standard 51 Cr-release assay. The antitumor effectiveness of PDT in combination with administration of DCs was investigated in in vivo model. Results: PDT treatment resulted in the induction of apoptotic and necrotic cell death and expression of HSP27, HSP60, HSP72/73, HSP90, HO-1, and GRP78 in C-26 cells. Immature DCs cocultured with PDT-treated C-26 cells efficiently engulfed killed tumor cells, acquired functional features of maturation, and produced substantial amounts of IL-12. Inoculation of immature DCs into the PDT-treated tumors resulted in effective homing to regional and peripheral lymph nodes and stimulation of cytotoxic activity of T and natural killer cells. The combination treatment with PDT and administration of DCs produced effective antitumor response. Conclusions: The feasibility and antitumor effectiveness demonstrated in these studies suggest that treatment protocols involving the administration of immature DCs in combination with PDT may have clinical potential.
Cancer Letters, 2015
Cancer chemotherapy, particularly one usingregimens employing high-dose cytotoxic drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CTX), has been considered to be immune suppressive[Ed1]. On the contraryHowever, we observed that a single administration of high-dose CTX administration abolished the tumors arising from subcutaneous injection of a mouse hepatoma cell line, and subsequently induced specific tumor immunity. The aAbsence of T cells or Ddepletion of T cells, specifically CD4 + T cells, abrogated the CTX-mediated tumor regression[Ed2]. CTX treatment induced the rapid recruitment of CD4 + T cells into the tumors, and these recruited cells started toinitiated expression of LAMP1/CD107a, a cytotoxic granule molecule, LAMP1/CD107a, and granzyme B without in the absence of antigen presentation at draining lymph nodes and proliferation in the tumor tissues. Moreover, CTX enhanced the expression of a CC chemokine, CCL3, in tumor tissues, and CTX-mediated tumor regression was attenuated in mice deficient in CCR5, the receptor for this chemokine. Consistently, less lessreduced CTX-induced accumulation of intratumoral LAMP1/CD107a-expressing CD4 + T cells was less observed in mice receiving splenocytes derived from CCR5-deficient mouse-derived splenocytesmice than in those receiving splenocytes derived from WT mouse-derived splenocytesmice. Thus, CTX induces the expression of CCL3 to, which induces the intratumoral migration of CD4 + T cells with expressing cytotoxic molecules to induce , leading to tumor eradication and subsequent specific tumor immunity.
Advances in the understanding of host response associated with tumor PDT
Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, 2007
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is clinically established modality used for treatment of solid cancers and other conditions, which destroys lesions by localized generation of cytotoxic oxygen species mediated by administered drugs (photosensitizers) that are activated at targeted sites by exposure to light. Since over 20 years ago it has become increasingly clear that important contribution to the antitumor effect of PDT is secured by host reaction induced by this therapy and manifested as inflammatory and immune response. Presented is an overview of advances in the understanding of this host response associated with tumor PDT by tracing its evolution from initial breakthroughs and discoveries in the early 1980s, followed by advances preceding recent developments, and concluding with recently acquired knowledge and directions for clinical exploitation. Tribute is given to researchers making important contributions to this field during the last three decades including Drs. Gianfranco Canti, Julia Levy, and Barbara Henderson.
European Journal of Immunology, 2004
We investigated the mechanisms of immune tolerance raised by tumors by comparing immunogenic and tolerogenic tumor cell clones isolated from a rat colon carcinoma. When injected into syngeneichosts, the immunogenic REGb cells yield tumors that are rejected, while the tolerogenic PROb cells yield progressive tumors and inhibit the regression of REGb tumors. We show here that PROb tumor volume is correlated with an expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. These cells delay in vivo the rejection of REGb tumors and inhibit in vitro T cell-mediated immune responses against REGb cells through a mechanism that requires cell contact between effector and regulatory T cells and involves TGF-β. While total T cells fromPROb tumor-bearing rats yield no apparent anti-tumor immune response, depletion of CD25+ T cells restores this reactivity. A single administration of cyclophosphamide depletes CD4+CD25+ T cells in PROb tumor-bearing animals, delays the growth of PROb tumors, and cures rats bearing established PROb tumors when followed by an immunotherapy which has no curative effect when administered alone. These results demonstrate the role of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in tumor-induced immune tolerance and the interest of regulatory T cell depletion to sensitize established tumors to immunotherapy.