A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (original) (raw)
Related papers
Linguistics (MCQS) Q.01. ________is used to denote the language or variety of language that is being used by a speaker in a particular social context, or that a speaker is able to use as a part of their linguistic repertoire. A. Style B. Variety C. Code Q.02._________is the variety of language, including vocabulary and grammar, spoken in a particular social group. A. Dialect B. Variety C. Accent Q.03. The characteristics of the speech of an individual which refers to a geographical or social group is_______________ A. Dialect B. Idiolect C. Variety Q.04. ___________is the language of communication between persons who have different first languages who speak different tribal languages. A. Business language B. Code Switching C. Lingua franca Q. 05. A language with a markedly reduced grammatical structure, lexicon, and stylistic range is said to be_____________ A. Creole B. Lingua Franca C. Pidgin Q.06. is used either to denote the jargon associated with a particular occupational group, or more widely to refer to any variety that is influenced by subject matter, setting, group being addressed. A. Code B. Register C. Creole Q.07. _______ is the general term used to denote a form of language (pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary) that is used by particular social groups in particular social contexts. A. Dialect B. Register C. Jargon D. Variety Q.08. Language learning processes, like how language is acquired, how language is stored in the brain, how language is accessed and processed by the brain, are studied under A. Socio-linguistics B. Applied linguistics C. Psycho-linguistics Q.9. The approach towards the language acquisition that the capacity for language is innate in human beings is said to be_______________ A. Behaviourism B. Interactionism C. Mentalism Q.10. _______ is the stored knowledge that a person has about a particular concept, which enables them to interpret what they encounter in relation to that concept. A. Competence B. Performance C. Schema Q. 11. The notion that human beings are born with the features that are common to languages generally hardwired into their minds is said to be_____________ A. Schema B. Universal Grammar C. Competence Q.12. The historical approach to language study, which investigates the changes in languages through time is said to be____________ A. Synchronic B. Idiosyncrasy C. Diachronic Q.13. The linguistic capability to combine existing sounds into new meanings and to combine existing words into new utterances is called ___________ A. Displacement B. Productivity C. Symbolism D. Arbitrariness Q.14. The study of rules and practices for making and using sounds in a language is called_____ A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Syntax D. Socio-linguistics. Q.15. The study of rules and practices for constructing meaningful bits of language is called A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Syntax D. Socio-linguistics. Q.16. Issues in the construction of intelligible utterances-like word order, tense, case and person are the area of A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Syntax D. Socio-linguistics. Q.17. The coexistence of two different forms of language in a society often a 'high' and 'low' or 'official' or 'common form is called: A. Linguistic relativity B. Multiculturalism C. Diglossia D. Pidignization Q.18. A new or hybrid language that develops a new or sophisticated grammar or vocabulary and is spoken as some group's first language is: A. Creole B. Pidgin C. Ritual language D. Anti-language Q.19. In English, we use the labiodental fricative for the letters: A. a and o B. v and f C. p and b D. c and k Q.20. Human language differs from communication systems of other animals because A. Humans have closed system and lack recursion B. Humans can vocalize C. Humans have open system and use recursion D. Human languages lack displacement and have production Q.21. Which of the following is the smallest unit within a language system? A. Word B. Morpheme C. Phoneme D. Grapheme Q.22. Which of the following definitions are consistent with discourse? A. The smallest meaningful unit of speech B. Rules for putting words together in sentences C. The meaning of language D. None of these Q.23. Hermann Paul (1886) argued that the most basic building block of language was which of the following? A. Words B. Morpheme C. Phoneme D. Lexeme Q.24. Who was the main contributor to the linguistic period? A. Chomsky B. Wundt C. Piaget D. Hermann Paul Q.25. In oral presentation of language preceded the written. There was an emphasis on correct pronunciation and grammar, and on using repetition to inculcate correct language. A. Grammar Translation Method B. Audio Lingual Method C. Communicative Language Teaching D. All of these Q.26. looks at all the possibilities of harnessing information technology to the task of teaching and learning a second language. A. Communicative Language Teaching B. Grammar Translation Method C. Computer Assisted Language Learning D. None of these Q.27. A method of teaching foreign languages that laid great emphasis on speaking and which used only the foreign language in the classroom is A. Grammar Translation Method B. Communicative Language Teaching C. Direct Method D. All of these Q.28. The study of the errors made by learners of a second language, in order to understand the strategies used by second language learners and to improve second language pedagogy is A. Contrastive analysis B. Competence C. Performance D. Error analysis Q.29. The application of linguistics to the study of all genres of literature, and especially to the study of authorial style is: A. Socio linguistics B. Discourse analysis C. Stylistics D. None of these Q.30. An expression in which a part stands for the whole or an individual for a class of things, or material for the things made from it: A. Hyperbole B. Synecdoche C. Metaphor D. Simile Q.31. The notion that language shapes thought and experience of its speakers is known as: A. Participant observation B. Cultural anthropology C. Cultural relativism D. Linguistic relativity Q.32. Which of the following areas of linguistics focuses on the sounds, words, and grammars of languages? A. Socio linguistics B. Historical linguistics C. Ethno linguistics D. Descriptive linguistics Q.33 Most anthropologists agree that language A. determines cultural reality B. and culture influence each other C. is unrelated to kinesics and proxemics D. Is inborn, or genetically determined. Q.34. The terms used for the non-linguistic aspects of speaking is: A. Metalanguage B. Paralanguage C. Protolanguage D. Both B and C Q.35. The rules for combining phonemes into words in a language are said to be: A. Transcription B. Orthography C. Phonotactics D. All of these Q.36.A label for the speech organs most directly involved in producing a consonant is termed as: A. Manner of Articulation B. Place of Articulation C. Transcription D. None of these Q.37.The branch of linguistics which studies how utterances communicate meaning in context is known as: A. Stylistics B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. None of these Q.38. The part of a sentence other than its subject is said to be: A. Adjunct B. Phrase C. Clause D. Predicate Q.39. ___________is the study of the connections between language and mind. A. Sociolinguistics B. Computational linguistics C. Stylistics D. Psycholinguistics Q.40. A conventional system of marks representing information about the structure of a written text is: A. Intonation B. Rhythm C. Punctuation D. Both A and B Q.41. The study of social production of meaning from sign systems is termed as: A. Semantics B. Semiotics C. Pragmatics D. Both A and B Q.42. Two words that share the same phonetic form but have different meanings:
University of New Mexico Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 1
1993
environments in which they occur, much as syntax was only studied in the rarefied environment of made-up sentences. Very little study has been devoted to the distribution of phonological elements in texts. I will argue below that the text frequency of segments affects their phonetic shape and evolution. Consider subphonemic detail and variation conditioned lexically, morphologically and socially. Generative phonology, like its predecessor, phonemic theory, chose to ignore low-level phonetic detail'. Like the detail of actual language use that has enriched functionalist syntactic theory, the study of detail in phonology will reveal important facts that bear on our understanding of how language is really processed and what structures have empirical validity. Attend to exceptions and marginal cases, for they can be valuable sources of information about the nature of processing and representation. As I will argue below, marginal 'phonemes' are particularly interesting in their consequences for phonological theory. Reconsider what Langacker 1987 calls the 'rule-list fallacy' (see also Bybee 1988). Our thinking and analyses need not be restricted to only two options-either an elements occurs in a list or it is generated by rule. I propose below that lexical elements (words or phrases) consist of actual phonetic content that is modified as these elements are used. While phonetic 'rules' may exist as articulatory patterns for the realization of words, generalizations at other levels may be better thought of as emergent generalizations over lexical representations. 5 Altaic dialects, in Eskimo-Aleut [1330iuca and Mowrey 1987b]). Or consider the changes undergone by Proto-Bantu voiceless stops (Tucker and Bryan 1957, Pagliuca and Mowrey 1987h):
The dictionary is based on: Hadumod Bussmann Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft 2nd, completely revised edition in co-operation with and with contributions by colleagues Kröner All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology
Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.dc abrufbar.