Prevalence of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in a Rural Population of South India (original) (raw)
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2008
Background & objectives: Surveillance of risk factors is important to plan suitable control measures for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study was to assess the behavioural, physical and biochemical risk factors for NCDs in Vellore Corporation and Kaniyambadi, a rural block in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 6196 adults aged 30-64 yr, with 3799 participants from rural and 2397 from urban areas. The World Health Organization-STEPS method was used to record behavioural risk factors, anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between risk factors. Results: The proportion of tobacco users (current smoking or daily use of smokeless tobacco) was 23 per cent in the rural sample and 18 per cent in the urban, with rates of smoking being similar. Ever consumption of alcohol was 62 per cent among rural men and 42 per cent among urban men. Low physical activity was seen among 63 per cent of the urban and 43 per cent of the rural sample. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was equally poor in both. In the urban sample, 54 per cent were overweight, 29 per cent had hypertension and 24 per cent diabetes as compared to 31, 17 and 11 per cent, respectively, in the rural sample. Physical inactivity was associated with hypertension, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m 2 , central obesity and dyslipidaemia after adjusting for other factors. Increasing age, male sex, BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 and central obesity were independently associated with both hypertension and diabetes. Interpretation & conclusions: Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, physical inactivity and overweight were higher in the urban area as compared to the rural area which had higher rates of smokeless tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Smoking and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables were equally prevalent in both the urban and rural samples. There is an urgent need to address behavioural risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables through primary prevention.
Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in rural & urban Tamil Nadu
Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2016
Background & objectives: Surveillance of risk factors is important to plan suitable control measures for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study was to assess the behavioural, physical and biochemical risk factors for NCDs in Vellore Corporation and Kaniyambadi, a rural block in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 6196 adults aged 30-64 yr, with 3799 participants from rural and 2397 from urban areas. The World Health Organization-STEPS method was used to record behavioural risk factors, anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between risk factors. Results: The proportion of tobacco users (current smoking or daily use of smokeless tobacco) was 23 per cent in the rural sample and 18 per cent in the urban, with rates of smoking being similar. Ever consumption of alcohol was 62 per cent among rural men and 42 per cent among urban men. Low physical activity was seen among 63 per cent of the urban and 43 per cent of the rural sample. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was equally poor in both. In the urban sample, 54 per cent were overweight, 29 per cent had hypertension and 24 per cent diabetes as compared to 31, 17 and 11 per cent, respectively, in the rural sample. Physical inactivity was associated with hypertension, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m 2 , central obesity and dyslipidaemia after adjusting for other factors. Increasing age, male sex, BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 and central obesity were independently associated with both hypertension and diabetes. Interpretation & conclusions: Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, physical inactivity and overweight were higher in the urban area as compared to the rural area which had higher rates of smokeless tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Smoking and inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables were equally prevalent in both the urban and rural samples. There is an urgent need to address behavioural risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables through primary prevention.
Abstract: Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are undoubtedly one of the most prominent public health challenges faced by the countries worldwide. NCDs are expected to raise exponentially in South east Asian countries and India holds no excuse for it. With continuously ageing population, demographic transition, changing life style pattern, globalization and trade India is in the verge of witnessing NCD epidemic which already accounts for more than 53% of deaths in the country each year. Several NCD prevention programmes have their prime focus on the four modifiable risk factors of NCDs. With the knowledge that Social Determinants Influence the individual’s vulnerability to NCDs we tried to look in to how various social determinants might influence vulnerability to various NCD risk factors. Methodology: The Study basis on the secondary data analysis of India’s Data of WHO SAGE Study Wave 1. The Variables of Interest are selected and the Data is Analysed Using Statistical package for social sciences version 21. Descriptive Statistics, Chi-square tests and Regression models are the statistical tests used for analysing the Data. Results: Total number of 12198 in sample, with 4709 males and 7489 females, mean age 49.97 (SD 16.765) NCD risk factors: 4714 (42%) admitted tobacco use, 1457 (13%) informed alcohol use, 567 (4.6%) of the respondents replied that they do vigorous fitness exercise, whereas 1582 individuals responded that they do moderate physical activity. servings of fruits per day, 4215(38.3%) had 1 serving per day, 1977 (16.2%) had 2 servings per day, 303 (2.8%) had three servings per day; servings of vegetables per day 3028 (27%) had 1 serving per day, 5999 (53.5%) had two servings per day, 1487 (13.3%) had 3 servings per day. Chi-square tests: tobacco use: rural and urban areas X2(3, N= 11226) = 151.0, p < 0.01, Gender X2(3, N=11226) = 2411.6, p < 0.01, Marital Status, X2(15, N= 11226) = 154.43, p < 0.01, Highest education attained, X2 (21, N= 11226) = 144.36, p < 0.01, Social background (caste), X2 (12, N= 11183) = 88.76, P < 0.01, Mother’s education, X2 (21, N= 11226) = 298.50, p < 0.01, Income Quintile, X2(12, N= 11155) = 266.45, p < 0.01. alcohol use: rural and urban areas X2(2, N= 11226) = 32.38, p < 0.01, Gender X2 (2, N= 11226) = 1742.40, p < 0.01, Marital status X2 (10, N= 11226) = 57.78, p < 0.01, Highest education attained X2 (14, N= 11226) = 46.79, p < 0.01, social background (caste) X2 (8, N= 11183) = 391.91, p < 0.01, Mother’s education X2 (14, N= 11226) = 41.23, p < 0.01, Income quintile X2 (8, N= 11155) = 35.03, p < 0.0. Physical activity: rural and urban areas X2 (2, N= 11226) = 30.74, p < 0.01, Gender X2 (2, N= 11226) = 124.59, p < 0.01, Marital status X2 (8, N= 11226) = 143.99, p < 0.01, Highest level of education attained X2 (5, N= 6146) = 61.24, p < 0.01, Social background X2 (8, N= 11183) = 19.24, p < 0.05, Mother’s education X2 (14, N= 11226) = 78.63, p < 0.01, Income quintile X2 (8, N= 11155) = 62.48, p < 0.01. Servings of Fruit (Diet): place of stay (urban/rural) X2 (5, N= 11008) = 485.90, p < 0.01, Gender X2 (5, 11008) = 50.84, p < 0.01, marital status X2 (20, N= 11008) = 101.78, p < 0.01, Highest level of education X2 (25, N = 6025) = 348.76, p < 0.01, Social background (caste) X2 (20, N= 10974) = 615.47, p < 0.01, Mother’s education X2 (35, N= 11008) = 437.99, p < 0.01, Income quintile X2 (20, N= 10937) = 1101.86, p < 0.01. Discussion: Social determinants had a significant influence on the various risk factors for NCDs. It can be seen that the place of residence had a significant effect on tobacco and alcohol use and unlike famous idea that urban areas are more prone to have the issues of alcohol and tobacco it can be seen that individuals of rural areas are more vulnerable to alcohol and tobacco. Further those who belong to ST and SC which are considered as lower social status are more likely to have the issues of Alcohol and tobacco and were less likely to have low physical exercise and lower fruit and vegetable intake. Those in the lower Economic strata had significantly higher usage of tobacco and alcohol whereas their counterparts had higher levels of physical exercise and fruit and vegetable intake. Additionally it can be seen that mother’s education had a significant negative impact on tobacco and alcohol usage and significant positive impact on physical exercise and fruit and vegetable intake. This study reflects the need that focus of NCD prevention programmes needed to be kept on the most vulnerable populations in order to reduce the overall NCD burden in the years to come.
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.7\_Issue.10\_Oct2020/Abstract\_IJRR0044.html, 2020
Background: Globally about 36 million people die due to NCDs (Non-communicable diseases), which account for 63% of total deaths. Cardiovascular diseases account for 48% of the NCDs. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of risk factors of NCDs among the residents of a block of Murshidabad district of West Bengal Methods: This observational cross sectional community based study was conducted in a rural area of a district in West Bengal, India with the objective to find out the prevalence of risk factors of NCDs like obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and addiction to tobacco and alcohol. A total of 390 subjects were studied using questionnaire and anthropometric measurement and biochemical tests. Results: Mean age of the sample population was 42±8.4 years. Current use of tobacco smoking was 36 % among males and 6% of men were current alcohol users. Tobacco use was significantly more among males. About 87% of study subjects took more salt and 28% use more oils than recommended. Seventy one percent of study population could not afford >5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Most of the females (68%) had Low level of physical activity when compared with men (37%). Overweight was seen in 38% and 46% had dyslipidaemia. Hypertension was more prevalent (25%) than Pre-diabetes (19%) or Diabetes (11%). Conclusion: The present study highlighted high burden of risk factors of NCDs in the rural community of West Bengal. Community based intervention for screening for these risk factors and health behaviours followed by awareness program can only curb the burden.
Prevalence of Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases in a District of Gujarat, India
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 2013
The study attempted to identify the prevalence and distribution of risk factors of non-communicable diseases among urban and rural population in Gujarat, India. Using the WHO stepwise approach, a crosssectional study was carried out among 1,805 urban and 1,684 rural people of 15-64 years age-group. Information on behavioural and physiological risk factors of non-communicable diseases was obtained through standardized protocol. High prevalence of smoking (22.8%) and the use of smokeless tobacco (43.4%) were observed among rural men compared to urban men (smoking-12.8% and smokeless tobacco consumption-23.1%). There was a significant difference in the average consumption of fruits and vegetables between urban (2.18±1.59 servings) and rural (1.78±1.48 servings) area. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed to be high among urban men and women in all age-groups compared to rural men and women. Prevalence of behavioural risk factors, overweight, and obesity increased with age in both the areas. Twenty-nine percent of the urban residents and 15.4% of the rural residents were found to have raised blood pressure, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). For both men and women, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, hypertension, and lack of physical activities were significantly higher in the urban population while smoking, smokeless tobacco consumption, poor consumption of fruits and vegetables were more prevalent in the rural population. The results highlight the need for interventions and approaches for the prevention of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in rural and urban areas.
Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India
BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2014
To determine the prevalence of diabetes and awareness, treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in population-based participants in India. A study was conducted in 11 cities in different regions of India using cluster sampling. Participants were evaluated for demographic, biophysical, and biochemical risk factors. 6198 participants were recruited, and in 5359 participants (86.4%, men 55%), details of diabetes (known or fasting glucose >126 mg/dL), hypertension (known or blood pressure >140/>90 mm Hg), hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol >200 mg/dL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (men <40, women <50 mg/dL), hypertriglyceridemia (>150 mg/dL), and smoking/tobacco use were available. Details of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were also obtained. The age-adjusted prevalence (%) of diabetes was 15.7 (95% CI 14.8 to 16.6; men 16.7, women 14.4) and that of impaired fasting glucose was 17.8 (16.8 to 18...
BMJ Open, 2019
Objective To estimate the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Kerala. Design A community-based, cross-sectional survey. Participants In 2016–2017 a multistage, cluster sample of 12 012 (aged 18–69 years) participants from all 14 districts of Kerala were studied. Main outcome measures NCD risk factors as stipulated in the WHO’s approach to NCD risk factors surveillance were studied. Parameters that were studied included physical activity score, anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and morning urine sample to estimate dietary intake of salt. Results The mean age was 42.5 years (SD=14.8). Abdominal obesity was higher in women (72.6%; 95% CI 70.7 to 74.5) compared with men (39.1%; 95% CI 36.6 to 41.7), and also higher among urban (67.4%; 95% CI 65.0 to 69.7) compared with rural (58.6%; 95% CI 56.6 to 60.5) residents. Current use of tobacco and alcohol in men was 20.3% (95% CI 18.6 to 22.1) and 28.9% (95% CI 26.5 to 31.4), respectiv...
International Journal of Epidemiology, 2012
Background We examined associations between socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among urban and rural South Indians. Methods Data from a population-based birth cohort of 2218 men and women aged 26-32 years from Vellore, Tamilnadu were used. SES indicators included a household possessions score, attained education and paternal education. CVD risk factors included obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, plasma total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and triglyceride levels and consumption of tobacco and alcohol. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between SES indicators and risk factors. Results Most risk factors were positively associated with possessions score in urban and rural men and women, except for tobacco use, which was negatively associated. Trends were similar with the participants' own education and paternal education, though weaker and less consistent. In a concurrent analysis of all the three SES indicators, adjusted for gender and urban/rural residence, independent associations were observed only for the possessions score. Compared with those in the lowest fifth of the score, participants in the highest fifth had a higher risk of abdominal obesity [odds ratio (OR) ¼ 6.4, 95% CI 3.4-11.6], high total cholesterol to HDL ratio (OR ¼ 2.4, 95% CI 1.6-3.5) and glucose intolerance (OR ¼ 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.1). Their tobacco use (OR ¼ 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.6) was lower. Except for hypertension and glucose intolerance, risk factors were higher in urban than rural participants independently of SES. Conclusion In this young cohort of rural and urban south Indians, higher SES was associated with a more adverse CVD risk factor profile but lower tobacco use.
Background: Tamil Nadu (TN) and Kerala, the two states of Indian constituency are located in the Indian Peninsula and divided by Western Ghats. Both states are having similarities in custom and culture. Kerala and Tamil Nadu had achieved the goals of Health for All b Survey Phase-I revealed risk factors which were influencing the prevalence of NCD in both states. prevalence of NCD and its risk factors between two state of NCD and prevalence of hypertension and diabetes data were selected from the IDSP Survey Phase participants of Tamil Nadu and Kerala were 5105 and 4838 persons respectively. App applied for comparison. Results: years respectively. Prevalence of Diabetes in Tamil Nadu and Kerala were 4.5% and 9.2% respectively and hy prevalence were 3.0% and 6.9% respectively in both states. Risk factors prevalence (%) between the states was Smoking 29.0 and 30.3%, Smokeless tobacco 22.5 and 11.5, Alcohol 28 and 32.8, Physical activities 4.3 and 7.1, Obesity 22.5 and 27.1 and Coconut oil consumption was 3.1 and 87.2 respectively. significantly greater than Tamil Nadu. Except tobacco usage; other risk factors were significantly greater than Tamil Nadu. Smoking was not significant an Diabetes were significantly more in Kerala than Tamil Nadu. compared to Tamil Nadu may be attributed to the high rate of in spite of having more physical activities (7.1%).
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 2011
This study compared difference in diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), homocysteine, and other cardiovascular risk factors between rural and urban Asian Indians using similar/standardized field measurements. The design used a cross-sectional and population-based study among rural (Tamil Nadu) and urban (Delhi) Asian Indians aged 18 years and older. 574 rural Indians and 508 urban Indians completed face-to-face interviews, and anthropometric measurements. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained for fasting plasma glucose and serum lipid tests. The mean age was 42.6±11.8 y (urban) and 39.5±13.9 y (rural). Although the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was lower in rural (8.4%) than urban (13.6%) areas, rural Asian Indians had a higher percent of undiagnosed cases (25%), poorer glycemic control, and unawareness of diabetes than their urban peers. Urban Indians had elevated rates of the MetS (as defined by NCEP and IDF criteria), hs-CRP, total cholesterol, LDL, and hypertension than their rural peers. Females in general had significantly higher central obesity and lower HDL-C than males. Homocysteine levels (measured only among urban respondents) was higher among males than females (p=.04). Prevalence of hypertension increased with age (r=.37, p<.001) and correlated with respondents' blood glucose levels (r=.11, p<.001). There was a step-wise worsening of risk factors as individuals progressed from normal to IFG to T2DM. High burden of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural Asian Indians provide basis for tailored and cost-effective prevention and intervention programs, in such resource-constrained settings.