Expliquer le phénomène entrepreneurial : les variables environnementales (original) (raw)
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Global Perspectives of Entrepreneurial Environment
International Journal of Management Studies, 2018
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) have been identified as one of the crucial driving force for the economic growth of any country. MSMEs (Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises), constitute a major source of employment and generate significant domestic and export earnings in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. SMEs are alleviating poverty around the world as well as increasing the social and economic participation of women, youth and minorities. The increasing importance of MSME sector has been complemented with higher budget allocations and external aid for the SME sector. The performance of the small business sector is affected by environmental factors. Numerous opportunities and challenges have been opened up for this sector and to understand this it is essential to have an overall knowledge of the environment within which entrepreneur operating their business. The purpose of this study is to determine the critical factors of environment which influence the overall performance of Micro-Small-Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This may be conjectured that entry and exit from small & medium industries in any country is determined by the overall environmental mapping which is explicitly reflected through several parameters such as entrepreneurial financing, government support & policies for business incubation, governmental programmes, taxes and bureaucracy, basic-school entrepreneurial education and training, postschool entrepreneurial education and training, research and development transfer, commercial and professional infrastructure, internal market dynamics, internal market openness, physical and services infrastructure and cultural and social norms. In the conclusion this study shows the role of some important parameters in creating favourable environment for small business and this may further be used for indexing the entrepreneurial mapping in global perspective. The research is based on the longitudinal study of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) of 66 countries of the year 2015. The objective of the present research study is to develop a model to examine the nature of relationship between environment and growth rate of new venture as well as the sustenance of Micro-Small-Medium Enterprises.
Environmental conditions and entrepreneurial activity: a regional comparison in Spain
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 2011
In this paper we consider institutional economics to analyse the influence of environmental factors on entrepreneurship at country level, according to the stage of the entrepreneurial process (nascent entrepreneur and new business) and economic development. We combine the two main sources of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data for the period 2006-2009: National Expert Survey (NES) and Adult Population Survey (APS). The main findings indicate that to start a business the perception of knowledge and skills is very relevant. However, subsequent to this decision, it is crucial that society endorses and values the entrepreneurial career in order to move the new business forward and to overcome obstacles in the early stages. The paper contributes to both theoretical (model of conditioning factors to entrepreneurship) and practical perspective (design of governmental policies to foster the entrepreneurial spirit in society, distinguishing between nascent entrepreneurs support and assistance to new business owners).
Environmental conditions and entrepreneurial activity: A cross country comparison
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In this paper we consider institutional economics to analyse the influence of environmental factors on entrepreneurship at country level, according to the stage of the entrepreneurial process (nascent entrepreneur and new business) and economic development. We combine the two main sources of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data for the period 2006-2009: National Expert Survey (NES) and Adult Population Survey (APS). The main findings indicate that to start a business the perception of knowledge and skills is very relevant. However, subsequent to this decision, it is crucial that society endorses and values the entrepreneurial career in order to move the new business forward and to overcome obstacles in the early stages. The paper contributes to both theoretical (model of conditioning factors to entrepreneurship) and practical perspective (design of governmental policies to foster the entrepreneurial spirit in society, distinguishing between nascent entrepreneurs support and assistance to new business owners).
Toward the Entrepreneurial Society
The Shift to the Entrepreneurial Society, 2012
Not only growth but better growth is required to address the tremendous challenges that European economies are facing. More entrepreneurs and more entrepreneurial firms -new and innovative firms-can contribute. A variety of factors may be considered to promote entrepreneurship among young people, and innovative activities among firms. Education is certainly one of the most relevant. The need to create a more favourable social climate for new businesses requires not only changing the state of mind but also improving globally the skills of entrepreneurs. It is also important to identify the most favourable context for the creation and development of sustainable, innovative companies, especially during economic crisis. This paper has been prepared to introduce and present original contributions from scholars in economics, management and sociology, that are collected in a book entitled The
Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Environment - Factors of Economic Development
Journal of Process Management. New Technologies, 2014
Entrepreneurship as a business activity is gaining in importance within the modern business system, the business segment of the engagement of an individual or group of entrepreneurs or managers of the business subsystems which solve many problems, especially in a recession economy to zoom GDP and unemployment. This business activity can not function on a case-by-case basis, as intuitive decisions of entrepreneurs, and the desire for solving individual problems. States, in entrepreneurship have a chance to see economic development, and to through its institutions provide the environment for business development and expansion.
1998
by EMERIC SOLYMOSSY Entrepreneurship, a complex phenomenon, exhibits a rich history of theoretical contributions, but lacks a unifying theory. This research operationalizes a multidimensional framework for exploring the complexities of entrepreneurship based upon the integration of diverse disciplinary perspectives. Expanding upon Lumpkin and Dess= (1996) contingency framework, entrepreneurship is modeled as an economic phenomenon, with elements for the individual, the firm, and the environment, each of which influence success. The individual element expands upon and refines Robinson (1989) and Shanthakumar=s (1992) entrepreneurial attitudinal orientation (EAO) framework, assessing attitudinal and behavioral orientations in ten dimensions. The element of the firm integrates theoretical contributions from the fields of economics, strategy, and entrepreneurship to assess firm specific characteristics in four aspects: competitive attitude, strategic orientation, level of technology, and the utilization of networks for information exchange. Environmental influences are assessed in four dimensions: turbulence, hostility, complexity, and munificence. Success is found to have two distinct dimensions: economic success and the entrepreneur=s satisfaction. Empirical data from 370 entrepreneurs is analyzed by a combination of MANOVA analyses and linear structural equation modeling. Different individual and firm profiles iii are manifested for the different levels of success in each of its dimensions. Economic success is affected by uniquely different combinations than is success in terms of satisfaction. Furthermore, the relationships between individual attitudinal orientations and economic success display non-monotonic patterns. Individual=s attitudes have twice the effect upon the economic success of the venture as do the firm=s characteristics. Conversely, the firm=s characteristics have twice the influence upon the satisfaction of the entrepreneur as do the individual=s attitudes. Environmental influences are found to have little effect. While tentative due to the homogeneity of the sample, environmental generosity appears to benefit the individual, not the firm. This research contributes to entrepreneurship theory by integrating and operationalizing diverse disciplinary perspectives into a multidimensional framework, and by then analyzing it with methodological rigor. Implications are discussed, and suggestions are presented for future research to refine the framework by applying it to multi-environment / multi-country research. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Entrepreneurs are burning Earth: Toward a theory of entrepreneurial ecology
This article consists of original musings based upon the sparse literature of ecopreneurship toward the foundation of a general theory of entrepreneurial ecology. Rather than drawing upon empirical research, this paper comes more out of the normative vein. Normative theory comprises hypotheses or other statements about what is right and wrong, desirable or undesirable, just or unjust in society. In addition there are three short cases compiled from the literature that illustrate my thinking. Human-induced climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the human race in the 21st century. Entrepreneurs have played a major role in contributing to our current dilemma. For example, small-scale entrepreneurs have made their contribution to the planetary crisis by helping to destroy areas of rainforest. Nonetheless, entrepreneurs could actually help save the planet. The article draws upon the literature that attempts to define ecopreneurship. It examines the concept of sustainability and distinguishes between industrial entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship. It proposes a simple functional equation to describe the interrelationship of the biosphere, sociosphere, and econosphere. The paper proposes a model of entrepreneurial ecology showing how these three spheres, mediated by entrepreneurs, and must extract a constant source of energy and materials to maintain their self-organised state and to process materials. Up until the present, some entrepreneurs have not valued nature as a living ecosystem. This is characterised as negative entrepreneurship. A positive entrepreneurship would generate positive impacts through value adding and eliminating designed waste, duplication, disposability, planned obsolescence and wasteful end purposes. Positive entrepreneurs create net positive-impact loop systems and innovations that create levers for biophysical improvements and social transformation. Finally, the paper reviews some candidate frameworks in entrepreneurial ecology and presents three cases compiled from other sources that illustrate my thinking.
1998
by EMERIC SOLYMOSSY Entrepreneurship, a complex phenomenon, exhibits a rich history of theoretical contributions, but lacks a unifying theory. This research operationalizes a multidimensional framework for exploring the complexities of entrepreneurship based upon the integration of diverse disciplinary perspectives. Expanding upon Lumpkin and Dess= (1996) contingency framework, entrepreneurship is modeled as an economic phenomenon, with elements for the individual, the firm, and the environment, each of which influence success. The individual element expands upon and refines Robinson (1989) and Shanthakumar=s (1992) entrepreneurial attitudinal orientation (EAO) framework, assessing attitudinal and behavioral orientations in ten dimensions. The element of the firm integrates theoretical contributions from the fields of economics, strategy, and entrepreneurship to assess firm specific characteristics in four aspects: competitive attitude, strategic orientation, level of technology, and the utilization of networks for information exchange. Environmental influences are assessed in four dimensions: turbulence, hostility, complexity, and munificence. Success is found to have two distinct dimensions: economic success and the entrepreneur=s satisfaction. Empirical data from 370 entrepreneurs is analyzed by a combination of MANOVA analyses and linear structural equation modeling. Different individual and firm profiles ii iii are manifested for the different levels of success in each of its dimensions. Economic success is affected by uniquely different combinations than is success in terms of satisfaction. Furthermore, the relationships between individual attitudinal orientations and economic success display non-monotonic patterns. Individual=s attitudes have twice the effect upon the economic success of the venture as do the firm=s characteristics. Conversely, the firm=s characteristics have twice the influence upon the satisfaction of the entrepreneur as do the individual=s attitudes. Environmental influences are found to have little effect. While tentative due to the homogeneity of the sample, environmental generosity appears to benefit the individual, not the firm. This research contributes to entrepreneurship theory by integrating and operationalizing
Socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity
International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 2011
Scholars who study entrepreneurship have lent great value by exploring the factors that explain how entrepreneurs create new businesses and thus, how societies and economies grow and prosper. Although there has considerable research based on psychological and economic approaches to entrepreneurship, the influence of socio-cultural factors on enterprise development remains under studied. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to integrate, from a theoretical perspective, the socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity. In this sense, the article points out that the institutional approach could be an apt framework to develop future research analyzing the socio-cultural factors that influence the decisions to create new businesses. Also, a brief overview of the content of each of the papers included in this special issue is presented.