Co-composting of pharmaceutical wastes in soil (original) (raw)
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Organic Compost as Catalyst or Mediator for Speedy and Cost Effective Bioremediation
Bioremediation (the use of living organism, part or their products) has been reported to be an environmental friendly and cheap remediation method which is applicable in large and small scale but, the major problem facing this mechanism is the establishment of a particular biological entity in a heavily polluted soil. The soil supplementation/amendment during bioremediation was suggested to alleviate such difficulty, compost supplements role in bioremediation is majorly 'biostimulatory' a term used to explain the addition of nutrients for effective and active biological activities. Compost supplements have been a commonly used practice in agricultural practices for ages for enhancement of soil fertility and productivity but it is now known that this practice also enriches the microbial population in soil which promotes soil remediation as they act upon the organic waste to release its nutrients. This practice as well have been reported to enhance biological degradation, mineralization or extraction of a pollutant for clean-up/remediation of a polluted soil. Today, bioremediation mechanism which combines action of two or more organisms have been gaining more interests, application of soil amendments in such setting may serve as fuel to run the system feeding both entities the nutrients, creates environment conducive for their survival and enhances tolerance as well as responses. In this chapter, we gave accounts of biostimulatory and bioaugmentation mechanisms brought about by soil amendment using composts, we considered different examples and their impacts on soil bioremediation mechanisms.
Bioremediation of organic contaminants based on biowaste composting practices
Handbook of Bioremediation, 2020
This chapter aims to examine the composting of biowaste as a suitable bioremediation method of contaminated sites with a focus on organic contaminants. The chapter analyzes different approaches in bioremediation practices through composting or land farming combined with composting of biowaste taking into considering the main organic waste streams such as municipal waste (food and garden wastes), agricultural waste, or sewage sludge. The use of compost as cosubstrates facilitates the bioaugmentation and biostimulation processes. These bioremediation practices are applied to sites contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and petroleum products. Such applications stimulate better organic waste management practices combined with cost-efficient solutions for remediation of polluted sites. However, the performance of composting practices in soil bioremediation relies on several in situ factors. Current challenges, best practices, relevant case studies, and future prospects are further highlighted based on the literature review to reveal the state of the art on this topic.
Composting of organic waste for enhanced bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soils
2016
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants widely distributed in the environment and very frequently detected in soils as they are mainly produced from an incomplete combustion of organic matter at high temperature. They are toxic and even carcinogenic, therefore their removal from soils has been massively studied in the past years. Among all treatments suitable for treating soils contaminated by PAHs, biological ones are promising and challenging as they have a low or even no impact on the environment as well as their efficiency is tightly dependent on many factors not easy to control. The objective of this thesis has been to get more accurate knowledge on bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soils, by defining, through a series of experiments, the most suitable conditions for their biological remediation mainly in terms of physical and chemical soil characteristics, PAHs type and concentration, microbial density and composition, pH value, moisture content and av...
2016
26 The degradation of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil 27 through composting was investigated. The selected PAHs included: fluorene, 28 phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene, with 29 concentrations simulating a real creosote sample. The degradation of PAHs (initial 30 concentration 1 g of total PAHs kg -1 dry soil) was assessed applying bioaugmentation 31 with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor, and biostimulation using compost of the 32 source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and rabbit food as 33 organic co-substrates. The process performance during 30 days of incubation was 34 evaluated through different analyses including: dynamic respiration index (DRI), 35 cumulative oxygen consumption during 5 days (AT 5), enzymatic activity and fungal 36 biomass. These analyses demonstrated that the introduced T. versicolor did not 37 significantly enhance the degradation of PAHs. However, biostim...
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2011
The degradation of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil through composting was investigated. The selected PAHs included: fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, and chrysene, with concentrations simulating a real creosote sample. The degradation of PAHs (initial concentration 1 g of total PAHs kg À1 dry soil) was assessed applying bioaugmentation with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and biostimulation using compost of the source-selected organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and rabbit food as organic cosubstrates. The process performance during 30 days of incubation was evaluated through different analyses including: dynamic respiration index (DRI), cumulative oxygen consumption during 5 days (AT 5 ), enzymatic activity, and fungal biomass. These analyses demonstrated that the introduced T. versicolor did not significantly enhance the degradation of PAHs. However, biostimulation was able to improve the PAHs degradation: 89% of the total PAHs were degraded by the end of the composting period (30 days) compared to the only 29.5% that was achieved by the soil indigenous microorganisms without any co-substrate (control, not amended). Indeed, the results showed that stable compost from the OFMSW has a greater potential to enhance the degradation of PAHs compared to non-stable cosubstrates such as rabbit food.
Bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soil by composting: A case study
Folia Microbiologica, 2002
Composting technique was used for bioremediation of industrial soil originating from a former tar-contaminated site. The composting process was regulated by aeration to keep optimal temperature gradient and concentrations of 02 and CO2 inside the composting pile. The efficiency of bioremediation was evaluated by performing analysis of 11 individual three-to six-ring unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and estimating of changes in ecotoxicity of the contaminated soil. After 42 d of composting, PAH with 3-4 rings were removed from 42 to 68 %, other higher-molar mass PAH from 35 to 57 %. Additional 100 d of compost maturation in open-air field did not result in a further decrease of PAH. Ecotoxicity tests performed with bioluminescent bacteria Vibriofischerii showed a decrease in toxicity both after composting and maturation phases. However, toxicity tests on mustard-seed germination did not reveal any significant changes during composting and maturation phases.
2010
Among the different available remediation technologies, it is well-known that bioremediation methods which mainly depend on microorganisms to degrade, transform, detoxify or break down the contaminants, they are recognized as cost-effective and environmental-friendly methods. In fact, microorganisms "engine of bioremediation process" carry out their normal duty under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, which without doubt extends and motivates the desires to make use of such abilities to reduce environmental threats caused by various contaminants. However, to achieve satisfactory results during any bioremediation process, providing optimal conditions for microorganisms is considered as an essential/crucial task. Composting as one of the applied bioremediation technologies used to remediate soils contaminated with organic contaminants like PAHs still needs more investigation although a valuable effort has been devoted to elucidate the behaviour of this process in the remediati...
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two factors: the stability degree (0.37-4.55 mg O 2 g-1 Organic Matter h-1) of different composts derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and the concentration of a complex mixture of PAHs including Flourene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Flouranthene, Pyrene and Benzo(a)anthracene in the bioremediation of soil. The two factors were systematically studied applying central composite design methodology. The obtained results demonstrated that compost stability degree was particularly important during the first stage of the process. Stable composts enhanced the levels of degradation in soilcompost mixture and a degradation rate of 92% was achieved in this period, but only 40% was degraded with the least stable compost. The PAHs concentration was also important during the process, since the degradation rates increased with the increase in the PAHs concentration. Moreover, all the individual PAHs demonstrated a notable decrease in their concentrations after the incubation period, but pyrene was degraded to lower levels in some treatments compared to others PAHs.