Khayan Sealings from Tell Edfu, in: Ägypten und Levante XXI, 2011, 87-121. (original) (raw)
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The recent discovery of 41 clay sealings showing the cartouche of the Hyksos ruler Khyan at Tell Edfu has opened up a new discussion on the chronology and history of the Second Intermediate Period. This is the first time that such a considerable number of Khyan sealings, which were excavated in a secure archaeological context, have been found in Upper Egypt. This find not only implies economic or diplomatic contacts between the north and the capital of the second Upper Egyptian nome in the south, but also provides a new piece of evidence concerning the beginnings of Second Intermediate Period in Upper Egypt. The aim of this paper is to focus on several issues that have been brought up repeatedly in discussion during the workshop held in Vienna, and which the authors wish to address here in more depth.
Bibliotheca Orientalis LXXVm no. 3-4, mei-augustus, 229-248, 2018
This is a pre-publication of an in-depth review article of a new study of Anna-Latifa Mourad on the Hyksos. The review has appeared in the meantime. Abstract: Originating from a thesis at the Macquarie University in Sydney, Anna-Latifa Mourad presents the most thorough survey of sites of the hybrid Middle Bronze Age Culture in Egypt and reviews pertinent places in the Levant alike in order to assess the phenomenon of the domination of Egypt by Western Asiatic rulers, known as the Hyksos. On top of it she also reviews all relevant inscriptions, stelae and tomb representations of Asiatic people living in Egypt during the time of the Middle Kingdom. She assembles from all this scattered evidence a picture of the foreigners who dominated Egypt in the 17th and 16th century BC. According to her analysis these settlers came from the northern Levant and contributed substantially to the culture and policy of the New Kingdom. It is one of the best books on the Hyksos ever written. The research of the author will have an impact on the above described project on the Enigmatic Dynasty of the Hyksos.
Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 9, Wiesbaden 2019, 47-67., 2019
This paper forms part of the ERC-Advanced Grant ‘The Enigma of the Hyksos’, which is an innovative attempt to identify where the Western Asiatic population that settled in the eastern Delta from the late Middle Kingdom until the inception of the New Kingdom (c. 1850–1530 BCE) came from and how they reached the Delta. Besides other comparative cultural studies it will be investigated where in the Western Asiatic sphere architectural concepts may have originated that were applied in Avaris/Tell el- Dabʿa. We will be focussing on the elite in Avaris, the decision makers, who may have come from a region different to that of the population of the Hyksos capital. This article, therefore, deals with sacred architecture, especially in its first part, discussing broad-room temples as excavated at Tell el-Dabʿa. Architectural parallels cluster in the northern Levant and, in a more sophisticated mapping, in northernmost Syria and in northern Mesopotamia. Such evidence evokes thoughts about how such building concepts could have been transmitted to Egypt during the late Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos period. We have to ask, therefore, who the decision-makers were, and how and why they chose such architectural archetypes that were tied, of course, to religion and cult.
The Hyksos in Egypt: A Bioarchaeological Perspective
Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant, 2019
The term Hyksos commonly refers to the foreign dynasty that inhabited and held power in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, circa 1640-1530 BCE. Recent research has integrated archaeological, artistic and textual evidence,