Wage Opportunities for Visible Minorities in Canada (original) (raw)
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Color by Numbers: Minority Earnings in Canada 19952005
Journal of International Migration and Integration
We investigate the pattern of earnings disparity across Canadian-born ethnic groups in Canada over three census years, 1996, 2001 and 2006. This extends Pendakur and Pendakur (2002) by 10 years. We find that the earnings gaps faced by Canadian-born visible minorities have not eroded since the 1990s. This is somewhat surprising given that the size of this population has radically increased over the last 20 years. Other patterns observed in the 1990s, such as the relatively poor earnings outcomes of South Asians and Blacks, particularly in Montreal and Toronto, are still evident into the 2000s. An exception to the 'bad news' outlook is that persons of Caribbean origin have seen substantial convergence in their earnings relative to majority workers.
The Colour of Money: Earnings Differentials among Ethnic Groups in Canada
The Canadian Journal of Economics, 1998
The literature on ethnically based earnings differentials in Canada has focused on differences either between whites and visible minorities or between particular ethnic groups. In this paper we examine both earnings differentials between whites and visible minorities, and earnings differentials within the white and visible-minority groupings. Among both men and women we þnd substantial earnings differentials both between and within the white and visible-minority groupings. Differentials between whites and visible minorities suggest that the visible-minority category is a useful indicator of economic discrimination. Differentials within these groupings, however, suggest that it is only a rough indicator. La couleur de l'argent: diffà erentiels de revenus entre groupes ethniques au Canada. Les travaux sur les diffà erentiels de revenus entre groupes ethniques au Canada ont portà e sur les diffà erences soit entre les Blancs et les minorità es visibles soit entre certains groupes ethniques particuliers. Dans ce mà emoire, les auteurs examinent  a la fois les diffà erentiels de gains entre Blancs et minorità es visibles, et ceux  a l'intà erieur des groupes de Blancs et de minorità es visibles. Pour les hommes et les femmes, il existe des diffà erentiels substantiels de gains  a la fois entre les groupes de Blancs et de minorità es visibles et  a l'intà erieur de ces groupes. Les diffà erentiels entre Blancs et minorità es visibles sugg erent que cette catà egorisation est un indicateur utile de discrimination. Cependant, les diffà erentiels  a l'intà erieur des groupes montrent que c'est seulement un indicateur assez grossier.
8. The Colour Of Money Redux: Immigrant/Ethnic Earnings Disparity In Canada, 1991–2006
The Housing and Economic Experiences of Immigrants in U.S. and Canadian Cities, 2015
In this paper, we investigate how visible minority and immigrant earnings gaps in Canada evolved over 1991 to 2006. Immigrant disparity changes with the duration of residence in Canada, so we evaluate disparity at 5 years in Canada, that is for relatively recent immigrants. We find that, overall, visible minority-and immigrant-based earnings disparity increased substantially over the 15 year period. This pattern is observed broadly for both men and women, in Canada as a whole and in each of its three largest CMAs, for most white and visible minority immigrant groups, and for most Canadian-born visible minority ethnic groups. The decline in relative earnings is large: it is on the order of 20 percentage points for both white and visible minority immigrants and on the order of 10 percentage points for Canadian-born visible minority workers.
Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time?
Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, 2002
En utilisant les bases principales du recensement de 1971 à 1996, nous évaluons les équations salariales des travailleurs et des travailleuses nés au Canada de manière à mesurer les différences salariales entre les blancs et les autochtones et les blancs et la minorité visible au Canada. Ces données nous permettent de nous concentrer sur les petites populations que forment la minorité visible née au Canada et les travailleurs autochtones au Canada et sur les territoires de huit grandes métropoles canadiennes. Nous définissons aussi des quasi-cohortes pour évaluer les différences salariales selon l'âge et examiner les différences dans 26 sous-groupes au sein des catégories constituées par les blancs et la minorité visible. Il apparaît que les différences se sont réduites au cours des années 1970, se sont stabilisées durant les années 1980 et se sont accrues entre 1991 et 1996. Using the census main bases from 1971 through 1996, we estimate earnings equations for Canadian-born female and male workers to assess the size of white-Aboriginal and white-visible minority earnings differentials in Canada. These databases allow us to focus on the small populations of Canadian-born visible minority and Aboriginal workers in Canada and on eight large Canadian metropolitan areas. We also define quasi-cohorts to assess differences in age-earnings relationships, and examine differences across 26 subgroups within the white and visible minority categories. We find that differentials narrowed through the 1970s, were stable through the 1980s, and grew between 1991 and 1996.
Output Pay and Ethnic Wage Differentials: Canadian Evidence
Industrial Relations, 2006
Using the Workplace and Employee Survey, we are the first to examine the association between payment method and ethnic wage differentials in Canada. Following earlier theory, we hypothesize that output pay tying earnings to productivity makes it more difficult for employers to discriminate. The empirical estimations show that non-Europeans in Canada paid by time rates receive lower earnings than Europeans paid by time rates. Yet, non-Europeans paid by output pay receive virtually identical earnings to their European counterparts. * The authors' affiliations are, respectively,
Asian Americans are an important case in understanding racial/ethnic inequality. Prior research has focused on native-born workers so as to reduce unobserved heterogeneity. Native-born Asian American adults are concentrated, however, in areas with a high cost of living where wages tend to be higher. Regional location has been said to inflate the wages of Asians relative to whites. However, given that many labor markets are national in scope with regional migration being common, current place of residence is unlikely to be a fully exogenous independent variable. We estimate wage regression models in which the cost of living is endogenous because people with higher wages can afford to live in more expensive areas. The results indicate a high degree of endogeneity for Asians Americans but not for white men confirming the importance of this issue for assessing racial inequality. Estimates using two-stage least-squares account for this endogeneity and fail to reject the hypothesis of no discrimination because the racial differentials in wages are either not statistically significant or are sometimes positive in favor of Asian Americans. Native-born Asian Americans seem to have overcome the disadvantage of non-white minority status in the contemporary labor market at least in regard to wages.
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution
Canadian Public Policy, 2007
We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree to which the mean difference is representative of differences across the distribution. We consider glass ceilings for Canadian-born ethnic minorities, and find evidence that some groups, such as Chinese-origin people, do indeed face more earnings disparity at the top of the distribution. However, other groups face different structures. South Asian-origin workers face greater disparity at the bottom than at the top, and Black workers face great disparity across the distribution. We interpret these latter patterns as identifying poor access of ...
Canadian Studies in Population, 2002
This is the first statistical analysis to understand how economic globalization affects earnings of native-born and immigrant populations with different racial and ethnic backgrounds in Canada. Draw on four measures of economic globalization: number of non-resident workers in CMAs, number of companies with foreign investment, size of financial industry, and volume of equity trading, our study finds that the effects of economic globalization on individual earnings is influenced by the particular aspect of economic globalization and the group being considered. Specifically, economic globalization is beneficial to nativeborn members of visible minority groups and is very sensitive to their immigrant members.