Managing agitation in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (original) (raw)
Related papers
Treatment of agitation in dementia
New directions for mental health services, 1997
Agitation occurs commonly in patients with dementia. Before symptomatic pharmacotherapy is undertaken, it is imperative to perform a sequence of evaluations and interventions to establish whether simpler and safer, nonpharmacologic approaches will be beneficial. When psychotropic medications are used they should be used judiciously, in the lowest effective doses and for the shortest period of time necessary. Ineffective medications should be stopped, and even effective medications should be empirically tapered in most patients to learn whether treatment is still necessary. Antipsychotics probably show the greatest benefit for agitation associated with psychotic features; they have less demonstrated efficacy for agitation not associated with psychotic features. The side effects of typical agents are legion; data are pending regarding atypical agents. The available evidence regarding nonneuroleptic medications ranges from case reports to well-designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled...
Alternative pharmacological treatment options for agitation in Alzheimer’s disease
Geriatric Care, 2015
In patients with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) is a major concern in the management of these devastating diseases. Among NPS in AD, agitation and aggression are common with earlier institutionalization, increased morbidity and mortality, and greater caregiver burden. Pharmacological treatments for AD-related agitation, specifically off-label use of atypical antipsychotics, showed only modest improvements, with increased side-effect burden and risk of mortality. Non-pharmacological treatment approaches have become the preferred firstline option. However, when such treatments fail, pharmacological options are often used. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective and safe pharmacological treatments for agitation/aggression in AD and dementia. Unfortunately, progresses have been slow, with a small number of methodologically heterogeneous randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with disappointing results. However, evidence...
Progresses in treating agitation: a major clinical challenge in Alzheimer's disease
Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2015
Treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) represents a major clinical challenge in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Agitation and aggression are frequently seen during institutionalization and increase patient morbidity and mortality and caregiver burden. Off-label use of atypical antipsychotics for treating agitation in AD showed only modest clinical benefits, with high side-effect burden and risk of mortality. Non-pharmacological treatment approaches have become the preferred first-line option. When such treatment fails, pharmacological options are often used. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective and safe pharmacological treatments for efficiently treating agitation and aggression in AD and dementia. Areas covered: Emerging evidence on the neurobiological substrates of agitation in AD has led to several recent clinical trials of repositioned and novel therapeutics for these NPS in dementia as an alternative to antipsychotics. We operated a comprehensive literat...
Pharmacologic Treatment of Agitation and Apathy in Dementia
2007
Pharmacologic Treatment of Agitation and Apathy in Dementia Shailaja Shah, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Assistant Director Geriatric Psychiatry Fellowship, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Gautam Rohatgi, DO, Geriatric Psychiatry Fellow, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Daniela Ganescu, MD, Geriatric Psychiatry Fellow, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA. DEMENTIA PHARMACOTHERAPY
The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2020
Dementia is characterized by a significant decline in one of several cognitive domains such as memory, language and executive function, affecting independence and representing a significant deterioration from a previous level of functioning (1). Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia and contributes up to 70% of the almost 50 million dementia cases worldwide, a number that is projected to double in 20 years (2).
Pharmacological management of behavioural and psychological disturbance in dementia
Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 2006
Behavioural and psychological symptoms in patients with dementia are common, distressing and often difficult to manage. This review evaluates a range of drugs commonly used to manage these symptoms including antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, antidementia drugs and antidepressants.
A preclinical screen to evaluate pharmacotherapies for the treatment of agitation in dementia
Behavioural Pharmacology, 2017
Agitation associated with dementia is frequently reported clinically but has received little attention in preclinical models of dementia. The current study used a 7PA2 CM intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to assess acute memory impairment, and a bilateral intrahippocampal (IH) injection model of AD (aggregated Aβ1-42 injections) and a bilateral IH injection model of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; aggregated NAC61-95 injections) to assess chronic memory impairment in the rat. An alternating-lever cyclic-ratio schedule of operant responding was employed for data collection, where incorrect lever perseverations measured executive function (memory) and running response rates (RRR) measured behavioral output (agitation). The results indicate that bilateral IH injections of Aβ1-42 and bilateral IH injections of NAC61-95 decreased memory function and increased RRRs, whereas ICV injections of 7PA2 CM decreased memory function but did not increase RRRs. These findings show that using the aggregated peptide IH injection models of dementia to induce chronic neurotoxicity, memory decline was accompanied by elevated behavioral output. This demonstrates that IH peptide injection models of dementia provide a preclinical screen for pharmacological interventions used in the treatment of increased behavioral output (agitation), that also establish detrimental side effects on memory.