Smokeless tobacco, sport and the heart (original) (raw)
Related papers
The effects of oral smokeless tobacco administration on endurance performance
Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2016
Background: Smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and circulatory vasoreactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the oral smokeless tobacco (Swedish snus (SS)) on the perception of fatigue and time to exhaustion (TTE) during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Methods: Fourteen healthy non-tobacco male users were recruited for a double-blind, controlled crossover design (SS vs. snus placebo (SP)). Subjects were tested for 3 sessions: experimental session 1 (Exp1) consisted of an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic power output (Wmax), whereas Exp2 and Exp3 consisted of exercising at 65%Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded. Results: Comparing SS with SP tests, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the values of cerebral (~3%) and muscular tissues oxygenation (~4%) in the first 30 min of exercise. The RPE values were not significantly different between the 2 conditions (SS vs. SP). No significant difference was found in TTE (SS: 54.25 ± 21.84 min; SP: 50.01 ± 17.03 min). Conclusion: This study showed that muscular and cerebral oxygenation increased significantly with snus administration during an endurance exercise until exhaustion, but this did not affect fatigue perception and TTE. The results showed that snus could not be considered an ergogenic substance in non-tobacco users.
Exercise performance increase in smokeless tobacco-user athletes after overnight nicotine abstinence
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2018
The use of nicotine administered through smokeless tobacco (snus) has increased among athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ergogenic effects of snus on aerobic performance during exercise until exhaustion in athletes after abstinence or satiety nicotine conditions. The study utilised a randomised, controlled, within-subject design experiment. Sixteen male snus-user athletes completed an exercise until exhaustion at a constant load of their 80% of (calculated by a maximal incremental test) in two separate sessions, corresponding to nicotine conditions: 12-hour overnight abstinence and satiety. A portion of 1 g of snus (~ 8 mg/g of nicotine) was administered 25 minutes before each experimental test. In each session, time to exhaustion (TTE), global rating of perceived exertion, cardiovascular and metabolic responses, and muscle and cerebral oxygenation were measured. Nicotine and cotinine analysis confirmed session conditions (abstinence or satiety). Snus induced a significant increase (+13.1%) of TTE following abstinence (24.1 ± 10.7 min) compared to satiety condition (20.9 ± 8.0 min; P=0.0131). The baseline values revealed that abstinence of snus induced significant increase in the oxygenation of the muscular tissues (+4%), in metabolic values and in cardiovascular parameters, when compared to satiety condition. Our results indicate an increase of exercise performance (+13.1% TTE) due to snus administration in an abstinence condition. Considering that twelve hours of abstinence from snus-contained nicotine affected metabolic, cardiovascular and muscular tissue oxygenation, we suggest that snus administration at test time might relieve these withdrawal changes and yield an increase in time to exhaustion.
Hemodynamic and autonomic effects of smokeless tobacco in healthy young men
Journal of The American College of Cardiology, 2005
The aim of this study was to investigate the acute hemodynamic and autonomic effects of smokeless tobacco.Smokeless tobacco use is increasing. Its cardiovascular effects are not well understood.Sixteen healthy, male, habitual snuff tobacco users (aged 22 ± 1 year) were studied, using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design with two separate experimental sessions: placebo and tobacco. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), electrocardiogram, blood pressure, calf blood flow, nicotine, and catecholamines were measured.Snuff tobacco increased plasma nicotine from 2.8 ± 0.5 ng/ml to 10.4 ± 1.1 ng/ml. Mean blood pressure increased by 10 ± 1 mm Hg, and heart rate increased by 16 ± 2 beats/min. Peripheral vascular resistance, MSNA, and norepinephrine concentration did not change with tobacco, but epinephrine increased by ∼50%.Oral snuff tobacco increases heart rate, blood pressure, and epinephrine. Despite the increase in blood pressure, there is no decrease in either MSNA or peripheral vascular resistance. Smokeless tobacco is a powerful autonomic and hemodynamic stimulus. Catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla likely contributes to this response.
Nicotine in sports: past, present and future
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 2018
is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal that encompasses all aspects of tobacco use, prevention and cessation that can promote a tobacco free society. The aim of the journal is to foster, promote and disseminate research involving tobacco use, prevention, policy implementation at a regional, national or international level, disease development-progression related to tobacco use, tobacco use impact from the cellular to the international level and finally the treatment of tobacco attributable disease through smoking cessation.
Effects of Acute Vaporized Nicotine in Non-Tobacco Users at Rest and during Exercise
International journal of exercise science, 2016
Smokers, and even non-smokers, may utilize vaporized nicotine delivered by electronic cigarette (EC) due to the perception that EC are "healthier" than traditional tobacco cigarettes. The effects of vaporized nicotine delivered by EC on resting blood pressure (BP) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), or BP and aerobic power during exercise have not been studied. This investigation tested the effects of acute vaporized nicotine inhalation by EC on resting BP and RMR and cycle exercise BP, metabolic responses, and aerobic power in young, normotensive non-smokers. Using a double-blind design, 20 subjects (10 female) participated in two randomized trials: placebo (0 mg nicotine) or nicotine (18 mg nicotine). Participants inhaled from EC once every 30 s for 10 min (20 inhalations total). RMR was assessed 40 min later by indirect calorimetry followed by an incremental cycle test. RMR was not different between trials (p=0.79). Compared to the placebo, resting diastolic pressure (DBP...
European Archives of Medical Research
Objective: Through the years, tobacco has been used in many ways. While the most common way of consumption is through smoking cigarettes, smokeless use by chewing or nasal snuffing are also quite common. Smokeless tobacco, also named "Maras powder", is generally used as a substitute to reduce or quit smoking. The effects of smokeless tobacco use on the immune system, respiratory system and cardiovascular system have been extensively researched. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Maras powder on the respiratory, electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and biochemical methods. Methods: One hundred and forty-nine cases were included and the cases were classified into the following four groups: only using Maras powder; using Maras powder and smoking; only smoking and control group neither smoking nor using Maras powder. Physical examination findings, ECG findings, results of pulmonary function tests, results of biochemical analysis including complete blood count and lipid profile of all participants were recorded on admission. Results: The risk of mouth sores was 7.9 times higher in the Maras powder group due to direct contact to the oral mucosa. There is a relationship between the daily use frequency of smokeless tobacco and the development of oral wounds, but the total period of use or the duration in mouth was not related to this situation. The ECG findings of both the smoking and Maras powder consuming group was found to be significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: The smokeless tobacco use, which is considered as an alternative way of quitting smoking, does not have adverse effects on respiratory functions. However, it is an important risk factor for many life-threatening health conditions such as ECG abnormalities and occurrence of oral lesions. Social awareness must be created for smokeless tobacco use in order to fight this habitual threat to public health.
EVALUATION OF NICOTINE EFFECTS ON MUSCLE PERFORMANCE UNDER WINGATE ANAEROBIC TEST CONDITION
1. INTRODUCTION Nicotine is a colorless and strong liquid alkaloid that has found in all tobacco plants. It is used in drugs such as: smokeless tobacco, cigarettes and cigars (Metz et al., 2004). There is a lot of researches for suggesting that tobacco has many harmful long-term effects. Several studies have shown that caffeine and creatine have improved muscular performance in the human body during exercise, whereas little has been published regarding nicotine's effect on the human body during exercise conditions (Racette, 2003; Spriet, 1995). There is no published work about the effect of nicotine on the human body during a supra-maximal exercise test such as the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The effects of nicotine in the body vary under resting and exercising conditions. Studies by Symons and Stebbins (1996) showed that nicotine infusions during resting states caused hypertension, decreased cardiac output, increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate. The study by Narkiewicz et al. (1998) showed that smoking caused to increase norepinephrine and increased blood pressure. Van Van Duser and Raven (1992) suggested that smokeless tobacco had strong sympathetic nervous system stimulation as well. Their findings concluded smokeless tobacco decreased endurance performance by means of an increase in heart rate and plasma lactate concentrations. Landers et al. (1992) showed that ergogenic effects in regards to vigilance, rapid information processing, state dependent learning and retention of paired associates. Escher et al. (1998) attempted to demonstrate the significance between smokeless tobacco, reaction time and strength in athletes. The results showed that tobacco did not have any effect on reaction time, but had a significant effect on decreasing strength. The experimenters were unsure if the effect was a substance in the smokeless tobacco producing an ergolytic effect, or if tobacco withdrawal stimulates an ergogenic effect. Muscular performance is calculated anaerobically by peak power, mean power and percent fatigue. The WAnT is a supramaximal exercise for 30 seconds against a pre– determined force load usually 7.5% of body weight in kilograms. Gullstrand and Larsson (1999) reported eight investigations showing a mean reliability of r=0.94+/-3SD. This is in agreement with studies by Bar-Or (1987). Therefore, the WAnT is proven to be a reliable test. The WAnT also parallels football because they both last short durations of time. Severson et al. (2005) declared that during the mid-1980's and the early 1990's the use of smokeless tobacco among professional baseball players was about double the percentage of the entire population.. Lombardo (1986) stated that one-third of Texas varsity football and baseball players used nicotinic substances in the form of smokeless tobacco. This study made the following assumptions: 1. The nicotine levels in the nicotine chewing gum were high enough to affect the EPSP's in a human body. 2. The conditions of the experiment were parallel between the two test days. 3. The test subjects were honest and followed the protocol before the experiment. 4. The WAnT was a valid and reliable anaerobic test. By regarding to this matter that f ootball is a game of explosive activity and muscular strength. A normal play usually lasts only a few seconds. These short durations of play stress the importance of anaerobic activity, or fast twitch muscle performance. A WAnT is a good test for football athletes because it is consists of all explosive actions and fast twitch muscular activity and by attention to all researches that was inconclusive based on the variety of results showing ergogenic, ergolytic and no significant statistical difference, the study purpose is illustration of the nicotine effects on anaerobic exercise during a WAnT. Abstract Nicotine is a naturally occurring addictive alkaloid and in some cases, is a fatal drug. The long-term noxious effects of nicotine have been reported by means of publications to stop the use of nicotine in the form of tobacco. In this study the use of nicotinic substances was tested during Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT) on collegiate football athletes. These tests had three possible results: ergogenic, ergolytic or no effect. The subjects were 12 University of Ataturk University football players between the ages of 19-23. They did a series of two tests on a Monarch cycle ergometer for 30 seconds at a time on two separate days. One day post-nicotine gum consumption, the another day post-placebo gum consumption. The data received was considered significant with a p-value < 0.05. This experiment showed nicotine's effect on: peak anaerobic power (P = 0.34), anaerobic capacity (P = 0.92) and anaerobic fatigue percentage (P = 0.33) in the human body during a WAnT. So, the data received from this experiment were concluded not to be statistically significant.
Cardiovascular effects of nicotine: Relation to deleterious effects of cigarette smoking
American Heart Journal, 1994
Nicotine has been consumed in the form of tobacco for hundreds of years. Nearly 30% of Americans smoke despite that most desire to quit1 This is in large part because of the addicting properties of nicotine. Nicotine is a tertiary amine composed of a pyridine and a pyrolidine ring.2 It binds stereospecifitally to acetylcholine receptors at the autonomic ganglia, the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junctions, and the brain.2 Nicotine readily crosses the blood brain barrier and is distributed throughout the brain.3 The absorption of nicotine across biologic membranes depends on the pH. The pH of smoke from cigarettes is acidic so that nicotine is primarily ionized and does not cross cell membranes rapidly, and hence no absorption from oral mucosa. When tobacco smoke reaches small airway and alveoli of the lung, it is rapidly absorbed regardless of the PH.~ Chewing tobacco, snuff, and nicotine gum are buffered into an alkaline pH to facilitate mucosal absorption. The amount of nicotine extracted from nicotine gum is incomplete and highly variable.4 Similarly, intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking varies from puff to puff depending on puff volume, depth of inhalation, dilution with room air, rate, and intensity of puffing.5 Because of the variable amounts of nicotine absorption by various routes, to estimate its dose, one should measure the blood levels and know how fast the smoke eliminates it.2 Nicotine is rapidly and extensively metabolized, mainly in the liver and to a smaller extent in the
Cardiovascular effects of nicotine during physical activity and following meal consumption
Clinical and …, 1990
1. In two separate studies using healthy male smokers as subjects, the acute cardiovascular effects of a measured dose of nicotine (15 pg/kg) were examined in conjunction with light physical activity and following consumption of a meal, conditions typical of nicotine intake via smoking. 2. Increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure attributable to nicotine were similar during rest, physical activity, and following eating, demonstrating additivity with the cardiovascular effects of activity and a caloric load. Diastolic blood pressure was less affected by nicotine. 3. These results indicate that cardiovascular activity is acutely increased following nicotine (smoking) regardless of other influences on the cardiovascular system. Such effects may help explain increased risks of acute cardiac abnormalities due to smoking.