J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. 4(8S)40-46 2014 (original) (raw)
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2014
Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus is a flexible pathogen causing variety of infections in humans and other animals. The current investigation was aimed to study the prevalence rate and sensitivity profile of MRSA strains isolated from clinical samples to various antimicrobial agents. Methods: Isolates from three different clinical specimens; pus, body fluids and blood were obtained from patients, belonging to various parts of District Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Each sample was processed by conventional method using blood, MacConkey and CLED agar. Staphylococcus aureus was identified and confirmed by Gram staining, catalase test and coagulase test. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA to different antibiotics was confirmed by standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 855 clinical samples were studied, out of which 45 (5.26%) were found positive for MRSA, among which 32 (71%) were from pus samples, 8 (18%) were from fluids samples and 5 (11%) were from blood samples. The frequency of MRSA strains was more in males (69%) than in females (31%). All MRSA isolates showed complete resistance to oxacillin, ampicillin and penicillin and complete sensitivity to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. These MRSA strains also showed various degrees of resistance to other antimicrobials such as ceftriaxone (77.77%), cefoxitin (64.44%), erythromycin (82.22%), clindamycin (71.11%), co-amoxiclav (75.55%), fusidic acid (66.66%), and gentamycin (73.3%). Conclusion: Our results show lower MRSA prevalence in Peshawar than the previous reports in Peshawar and other areas of Pakistan. However; since MRSA is multidrug resistant, proper culture sensitivity test should be carried out for proper choice of antibiotic/s to treat MRSA infections.
2016
To study the Antibiotic resistance determination of S. aureus isolates and screening for MRSA. This was in-vitro study on MRSA isolates received from clinical samples in the department of microbiology during three months (January 2015-March 2015). Staphylococci were identified by catalase, coagulase and DNAse tests. The samples were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey's agar plates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by disc diffusion method. The disc used was Amikacin (30μg), Doxycycline (30μg), Co-trim0oxazole (25μg), Gentamicin (10μg), Penicilin (10μg), Erythromycin (15μg), Clindamycin (2μg), Vancomycin (30μg), Linezolid (30μg), Cefoxitin (30μg), Fusidic acid (10 g), Chloramphenicol (30μg) and Ciprofloxacin (5μg). Our results indicate that out of 112 positive isolates of S. aureus, 34 (30.35%) were found to be MRSA. These isolates were also resistant to different commonly prescribed other anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. A total of 34 (30.35%) MRSA was isolated...
Prevalence and Drug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates in Bastar Region
Özet Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı Bastar bölgedeki yaygınlığını ve S. aureus antibiyotik direncini etüd edilerek. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2010-Mayıs 2012 tarihinden itibaren, 916 S. aureus izolatı kültüre klinik örneklerden standart testlerle tespit edilmiştir. MRSA tespit oksasilin ekran ağar tarafından yapılan ve sefoksitin disk difüzyon testleri yapıldı. Kirby-Bauer disk difüzyon testi antibiyotik duyarlılık incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Vankomisin MIC ve linezolid Etest tarafından incelendi. Bulgular: Izolatların % 34.8 MRSA idi. MRSA izolatları içinde,% 63 (165) eritromisine dirençli bulunmuştur, azitromisine % 39.3 (103), klindamisin için % 61.8 (162), % 81.5 (260) kotrimoksazol için, % 0.6 (2) linezolide, % 0.9 (3) vankomisine, % 76.5 (244) tetrasiklin, % 67.7 (216) gentamisin için % 63.3 (202) siprofloksasin, % 8.5 (27) gatifloksasin için, % 16.4 (43), kloramfenikol % 68.4 (39 ) norfloksasin nitrofurantoine % 12.3 (7), Sulfısoxazol için % 80.7 (46) ve % 80.7 (46) antibiyotik trimetoprim için. Tartışma: Çalışması bu bölgeden ilk kez yapıldı. Prevalans ve ilaç direnci oranı diğer çalışmalar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Linezolid direncinin ortaya çıkması ve MRSA izolatlarının görece yüksek vankomisin direnci bu çalışmanın endişe verici bir bulgudur. Kotrimoksazol ve/veya gentamisin ilk ampirik tedavisi olarak kabul edilebilir, ancak Antibiyograma göre doğru bir antibiyotik ile hemen değiştirilmelidir. Abstract Aim: The aim of this research was to study the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in the Bastar region. Material and Method: From the clinical samples cultured from Jan 2010 to May 2012, 916 S. aureus isolates were identified by the standard tests. Screening of MRSA was done by oxacillin screen agar and cefoxitin disk diffusion tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was examined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. For MIC of vancomycin and linezolid, Etest was performed. Result: Of the isolates, 34.8% were MRSA. In the MRSA isolates, 63% (165) were found resistant to erythromycin, 39.3% (103) to azithromycin, 61.8% (162) to clindamycin, 81.5% (260) to cotrimoxazole, 0.6% (2) to linezolid, 0.9% (3) to vancomycin, 76.5% (244) to tetracycline, 67.7% (216) to gentamycin, 63.3% (202) to ciprofloxacin, 8.5% (27) to gatifloxacin, 16.4% to chloramphenicol, 68.4% (39) to norfloxacin, 12.3% (7) to nitrofurantoin, 80.7% (46) to sulfisoxazole, and 80.7% (46) to trimethoprim antibiotics. Discussion: The study was conducted first time from this region. The prevalence and drug resistance percentage is compared with other studies. Emergence of linezolid resistance and relatively higher vancomycin resistance in the MRSA isolates is a worrisome finding of this study. Cotrimoxazole and/or gentamycin may be considered as initial empiric treatment, but must be replaced immediately with the correct antibiotic according to the antibiogram.
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
The global problem of increasing trend in antimicrobial resistance is particularly pressing in the developing countries, where the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is often the severe casual agent in hospital-acquired infections. This multi-centre surveillance prospective study was planned to define the magnitude of problem of MRSA among clinical isolates from four teaching hospitals of Lahore Pakistan; Mayo, Services, Jinnah and Shaikh Zayed Hospitals during April 2006-March 2008. Identification of organisms was done by the standard Microbiology methods. MRSA isolates identified on Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion were further evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration on BD Phoenix system and detection of mecA gene by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) PCR. Of the total 1,102 S. aureus isolates, oxacillin resistance was found in 462 on disc diffusion and 420 on MIC while mecA gene was detected from 307 strains. The prevalence of MRSA among S. aureus isolates wa...
MRSA in patients of CBMCH Mymensingh Bangladesh
The rapid rise in resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to various antimicrobial agents is now a growing concern. The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in different cases of infection, and to determine the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among the S. aureus originated from human in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Covering a period of five months during July 2014 to November 2014, a total of 65 samples comprises of pus, wounds, eye lesions, burns were collected from the Community Based Medical College Hospital (CBMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, and the samples were processed at the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202. Among the 65 samples, 20% (n=13/65) were confirmed as S. aureus on the basis of colony morphology, staining characteristics, biochemical properties, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by amplification of nuc gene (amplicon size 279-bp). Among these 13 S. aureus isolates, 15.38% (n=2/13) were found to be resistant to Methicillin which was confirmed by antibiotic disk sensitivity test and PCR by amplifying MRSA specific mecA gene (amplicon size 533-bp). The antibiotic disk sensitivity test indicated that the MRSA isolates were completely (100%) resistant to Penicillin and Erythromycin. The MRSA represents a major challenge for treatment in hospital due to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant isolates among susceptible individual.
Increasing prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and resistance to multiple antibiotic classes is a global issue. Regional surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of the organism is a necessary step to overcome the issues of antimicrobial resistance and treatment failure in MRSA infections. The study was conducted to find the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility in MRSA isolated from the pus samples of patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Bastar tribal region in Central India. The study was performed on 215 MRSA isolates cultured from pus samples of patients over a period of two years and five months. In the methicillin resistant organisms selected by oxacillin screen agar test and cefoxitin disk diffusion test, antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Kirby Baur disk diffusion test with CLSI guide lines. Of the total S. aureus isolates, the incidence of MRSA was 34.1% of which 82.8% were resistant to co-trimoxazole, 77.2% to tetracycline, 68.8% to gentamycin, 66% to erythromycin, 64.2% to ciprofloxacin, 1.4% to vancomycin, and 0.9% to linezolid. All these isolates were resistant to the ß-lactam antibiotics tested. Emergence of linezolid resistance and relatively higher vancomycin resistance in the MRSA isolates is a worrisome finding of this study. The antibiotic prescribing must rely on both initial empirical therapy and microbiological antibiotic susceptibility result.
Aims: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a serious problem in intensive care units, because of development of multiresistance, and also intrinsic resistance to -lactam antibiotics. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and their rate of resistance to different antistaphylococcal antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Between January 2007 and February 2008, the clinical specimens submitted at the microbiology laboratory were processed and all S. aureus isolates were included in this study. All isolates were identifi ed morphologically and biochemically by standard laboratory procedures and antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by modifi ed Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Methicillin resistance was observed in 34.78% of isolates, of which 37.5% were found to be resistant to all commonly used antibiotics. In MRSA isolates, 50% had constitutive resistance, 9.38% had inducible MLS B resistance and 18.75% had MS phenotype. Conclusions: There is a progressive increase in MRSA prevalence in the country but the present rate is still low in comparison to values found in some other institutes. The rate of inducible MLS B resistance was also lower in comparison with fi ndings from other parts of the country.
2015
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the major causative bacterial pathogen responsible for hospital and community associated infections. Currently, MRSA is divided into two subgroups: the healthcare associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). HA-MRSA is the major problem in nosocomial infections. For instance, patients in hospital with open wounds, invasive devices or under immune compromised conditions are at much higher risk of getting HA-MRSA infection. On the other hand, CA-MRSA has recently risen as a major public health concern. The study was conducted to find the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of HA-MRSA & CA-MRSA in a tertiary care hospital of rural West Bengal. In this hospital based prospective study, 940 samples collected over a three months period were analyzed phenotypically using conventional microbiological methods. Subsequently, the antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for the confirmed MRSA isolates. Of the 940 clinical specimens included in the present study, only 431 were growth positive out of which 122 were identified as S.aureus. Among the 122 S. aureus isolated, 23 were MRSA. Out of the 23 MRSA isolates 15 were HA-MRSA and 8 were CA-MRSA. The study revealed that the prevalence of HA-MRSA (65.21%) infections is higher than CA-MRSA (34.78%) in our hospital. The resistance to different antibiotics of HA-MRSA is not significantly different to that of CA-MRSA. While the incidence of MRSA in this study is lower that other parts of India, HA-MRSA contributes a larger percentage in the total.
BMC Infectious Diseases
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen implicated in skin and soft tissue infections, abscess in deep organs, toxin mediated diseases, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, post-surgical wound infections, meningitis and many other diseases. Irresponsible and over use of antibiotics has led to an increased presence of multidrug resistant organisms and especially methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a major public health concern in Afghanistan. As a result, there are many infections with many of them undiagnosed or improperly diagnosed. We aimed to establish a baseline of knowledge regarding the prevalence of MRSA in Kabul, Afghanistan, as well as S. aureus antimicrobial susceptibility to current available antimicrobials, while also determining those most effective to treat S. aureus infections. Methods: Samples were collected from patients at two main Health facilities in Kabul between September 2016 and February 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by the disc diffusion method and studied using standard CLSI protocols. Results: Out of 105 strains of S. aureus isolated from pus, urine, tracheal secretions, and blood, almost half (46; 43.8%) were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) while 59 (56.2%) were Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. In total, 100 (95.2%) strains were susceptible to rifampicin, 96 (91.4%) susceptible to clindamycin, 94 (89.5%) susceptible to imipenem, 83 (79.0%) susceptible to gentamicin, 81(77.1%) susceptible to doxycycline, 77 (77.1%) susceptible to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, 78 (74.3%) susceptible to cefazolin, 71 (67.6%) susceptible to tobramycin, 68 (64.8%) susceptible to chloramphenicol, 60 (57.1%) were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 47 (44.8%) susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 38 (36.2%) susceptible to azithromycin and erythromycin, 37 (35.2%) susceptible to ceftriaxone and 11 (10.5%) were susceptible to cefixim. Almost all (104; 99.05%) were resistant to penicillin G and only 1 (0.95%) was intermediate to penicillin G. Interestingly, 74.6% of MRSA strains were azithromycin resistant with 8.5% of them clindamycin resistant. Ninety-six (91.4%) of the isolates were multi-drug resistant.