Dynamics of communication protocol diffusion: the case of multipath TCP (original) (raw)
Related papers
Researching Multipath TCP Adoption
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010
The adoption process of a new Internet protocol or only a change to an existing one is anything but trivial. The classical diffusion theory does not apply as such for studying protocol adoption because the deployment of a protocol usually requires the involvement of multiple stakeholders with varying interests. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a new interesting change to the TCP/IP protocol suite which is an extension to regular TCP. MPTCP exploits the idea of resource pooling principle by splitting the data of a single TCP connection across multiple paths in the Internet. The research introduced in this paper aims to identify and evaluate the incentives of different stakeholders to adopt MPTCP. This paper summarizes the proceedings in MPTCP research from the socioeconomic point of view and the plans how MPTCP adoption could be studied further. Also, the main problematics of the research are discussed in the paper.
Towards Multipath TCP Adoption
2010
Successful deployment of new network protocols on the Future Internet is not a trivial task. Deployable protocol design is necessary but not sufficient condition for protocol’s success, unless it takes all stakeholders involved in the deployment process into account. This paper investigates the challenges of deploying a new transport protocol on the Internet, using Multipath TCP – a TCP variant that transmits along several network paths at the same time – as an example and proposes a framework for its adoption process based on diffusion theory. The paper distinguishes the roles of adopters and other stakeholders in the deployment process, and presents scenarios that enhance Multipath TCP deployment and adoption. One key finding is that the role of end users is not of significant importance for Multipath TCP deployment, because they are not necessarily in a position to make a conscious adoption decision.
Towards Multipath TCP Adoption: Challenges and Opportunities
Proceedings of 7th Euro-NF Conference on Next Generation Internet (NGI 2010), Paris, France
Successful deployment of new network protocols on the Future Internet is not a trivial task. Deployable protocol design is necessary but not sufficient condition for protocol's success, unless it takes all stakeholders involved in the deployment process into account. This paper investigates the challenges of deploying a new transport protocol on the Internet, using Multipath TCP - a TCP variant that transmits along several network paths at the same time - as an example and proposes a framework for its adoption process based on diffusion theory. The paper distinguishes the roles of adopters and other stakeholders in the deployment process, and presents scenarios that enhance Multipath TCP deployment and adoption. One key finding is that the role of end users is not of significant importance for Multipath TCP deployment, because they are not necessarily in a position to make a conscious adoption decision.
The Impact of Direct and Indirect Network Effects on the Diffusion of Communication Standards
Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008), 2008
Expectations about stand-alone and network benefits determine the adoption decision of customers and hence the diffusion of standards. To increase the number of adopters of a communication standard like EDI, not only the ability to exchange messages (as a source of direct network effects), but also the provision of complementary services such as standardized master data, e.g., by establishing a central, industrywide EDI data pool (as a source of indirect network effects) is important. We thus examine the differing impact of direct and indirect network effects on the adoption and diffusion of communication standards. The incorporation of both network benefits into an agent-based simulation model may help to better understand the underlying diffusion problem.
Accepted manuscript. Please cite this article as
2016
ABSTRACT: During the last decade the Internet has faced an architectural stagnation due to lack of wide scale adoption of new communication protocols. A significant reason for non-adoption is that the conflicting interests of networked stakeholders involved in the diffusion process are not understood or taken into account during the protocol development. This paper increases understanding of the dynamics of communication protocol diffusion and provides feedback to protocol development by studying the case of Multipath TCP (MPTCP). Firstly, we introduce a protocol development process which builds on the existing diffusion of innovation theories. Secondly, a quantitative analysis using system dynamics is provided to evaluate the criticality of the factors affecting the MPTCP diffusion. The diffusion of communication protocols is found to follow three adoption models differentiated by the basis of adoption decision. The key finding is that unintentional adoption, alongside device acqui...
Deployment and adoption of Future Internet protocols
In J. Domingue et al. (Eds.) Future Internet, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6656, pp. 133-144. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20898-0_10
Many, if not most, well-designed Future Internet protocols fail, and some badly-designed protocols are very successful. This somewhat depressing statement illustrates starkly the critical importance of a protocol’s deployability. We present a framework for considering deployment and adoption issues, and apply it to two protocols, Multipath TCP and Congestion Exposure, which we are developing in the Trilogy project. Careful consideration of such issues can increase the chances that a future Internet protocol is widely adopted.
A Longitudinal View at the Adoption of Multipath TCP
2022
Multipath TCP (MPTCP) extends traditional TCP to enable simultaneous use of multiple connection endpoints at the source and destination. MPTCP has been under active development since its standardization in 2013, and more recently in February 2020, MPTCP was upstreamed to the Linux kernel. In this paper, we provide an in-depth analysis of MPTCPv0 in the Internet and the first analysis of MPTCPv1 to date. We probe the entire IPv4 address space and an IPv6 hitlist to detect MPTCP-enabled systems operational on port 80 and 443. Our scans reveal a steady increase in MPTCPv0-capable IPs, reaching 13k+ on IPv4 (2× increase in one year) and 1k on IPv6 (40× increase). MPTCPv1 deployment is comparatively low with ≈ 100 supporting hosts in IPv4 and IPv6, most of which belong to Apple. We also discover a substantial share of seemingly MPTCPcapable hosts, an artifact of middleboxes mirroring TCP options. We conduct targeted HTTP(S) measurements towards select hosts and find that middleboxes can aggressively impact the perceived quality of applications utilizing MPTCP. Finally, we analyze two complementary traffic traces from CAIDA and MAWI to shed light on the real-world usage of MPTCP. We find that while MPTCP usage has increased by a factor of 20 over the past few years, its traffic share is still quite low.
Technology diffusion in communication networks
arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.2928, 2012
There has been significant interest in the networking community on the impact of cascade effects on the diffusion of networking technology upgrades in the Internet. Thinking of the global Internet as a graph, where each node represents an economically-motivated Internet Service Provider (ISP), a key problem is to determine the smallest set of nodes that can trigger a cascade that causes every other node in the graph to adopt the protocol. We design the first approximation algorithm with a provable performance guarantee for this problem, in a model that captures the following key issue: a node's decision to upgrade should be influenced by the decisions of the remote nodes it wishes to communicate with.
Diffusion of network innovation: implications for adoption of internet services
1998
The Internet and network applications have achieved significant growth. This thesis reviews the historical development of the Internet and projects future expansion of network application usage. Observed data points for Internet hosts, World Wide Web servers, the Multicasting Backbone, USENET, and Internet telephony were fit to an s-shaped logistic curve. The results of the model predict the applications' growth rate, halfway points of growth, and saturation limits. The number of Internet hosts is expected saturate at about 39 million hosts by the early part of the next century, while the number of Web server will saturate at about 40% of responding Internet hosts.
In IFIP International Federation for Information Processing, Volume 287, Open IT-Based Innovation: Moving Towards Cooperative IT Transfer and Knowledge Diffusion, eds. León, G., Bernardos, A., Casar, J., Kautz, K., and DeGross, J. (Boston: Springer), pp. 41-62.