A 24x16 CMOS-Based Chronocoulometric DNA Microarray (original) (raw)
Related papers
New CMOS potentiostat as ASIC for several electrochemical microsensors construction
Microelectronics International, 2010
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to design and create a potentiostat that can be integrated and encapsulated within a microelectrode as a lowcost electrochemical sensor. Recently, microsystems on sensors or lab on a chip using electrochemical detection of substances matters are pushing forward into the area of analysis. For providing electrochemical analysis, the microsystem has to be equipped with an integrated potentiostat. Design/methodology/approach -The integrated potentiostat with four current ranges (from 1 mA to 1 mA) was designed in the CADENCE software environment using the AMIS CMOS 0.7 mm technology and fabricated under the Europractice program. Memory cells of 48 bytes are implemented with the potentiostat using VERILOG. Findings -The characteristics of integrated potentiostat are strictly linear; the measured results confirm the simulated values. The potentiostat measurements error is about 1.5 percent and very low offsets are reached by the offset-zeroing circuitry.
A compact hybrid-multiplexed potentiostat for real-time electrochemical biosensing applications
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2013
The architecture and design of a compact, multichannel, hybrid-multiplexed potentiostat for performing electrochemical measurements on continuously-biased electrode arrays is presented. The proposed architecture utilises a combination of sequential and parallel measurements, to enable high performance whilst keeping the system low-cost and compact. The accuracy of the signal readout is maintained by following a special multiplexing approach, which ensures the continuous biasing of all the working electrodes of an array. After sampling the results, a digital calibration technique factors out errors from component inaccuracies. A prototype printed circuit board (PCB) was designed and built using off-theshelf components for the real-time measurement of the amperometric signal of 48 electrodes. The operation and performance of the PCB was evaluated and characterised through a wide range of testing conditions, where it exhibited high linearity (R 2 4 0:999) and a resolution of 400 pA. The effectiveness of the proposed multiplexing scheme is demonstrated through electrochemical tests using KCl and ½FeðCNÞ 6 3− in KCl solutions. The applicability of the prototype multichannel potentiostat is also demonstrated using real biosensors, which were applied to the detection of IgA antibodies.
2020
Diabetes is a global epidemic that threatens the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of people. The first step in patient treatment is to maintain healthy glucose levels, requiring continuous and accurate monitoring. Modern glucose monitoring systems use electrochemical methods that are invasive, painful and time-consuming and often results in dangerous fluctuations in glucose levels going undetected. Recent developments in biomedical sensors and CMOS integrated circuit technologies have led to the realization of non-invasive and minimally invasive glucose monitoring systems that overcome these limitations and may be implantable. An implantable glucose sensor scheme can also be modified to detect and quantify other physiological factors such as lactate, oxygen, and pH. A potentiostat is an integral part of a glucose sensor that
A CMOS Electrochemical Biochip With 32×32 Three-Electrode Voltammetry Pixels
2019
A CMOS-integrated electrochemical biochip for high-performance molecular testing is presented. The system includes an array of 32×32 three-electrode voltammetry pixels and on-chip temperature control between 25 and 95 ◦C. Each 100 μm ×100 μm pixel includes a CMOS-compatible and chemo-stable amorphous carbon electrode transducer connected to in-pixel current detection circuitry with 280 fA rms input-referred noise (0.1–20 Hz bandwidth) and 93 dB dynamic range (DR). Array-based DNA detection assays are implemented, and successful DNA melt-analysis and real-time label-free DNA hybridization detection are reported.
Journal of Sensors, 2019
The demand for the development of swift, simple, and ultrasensitive biosensors has been increasing after the introduction of innovative approaches such as bioelectronics, nanotechnology, and electrochemistry. The possibility to correlate changes in electrical parameters with the concentration of protein biomarkers in biological samples is appealing to improve sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability of the biochemical assays currently available for protein investigation. Potentiostats are the required instruments to ensure the proper cell conditioning and signal processing in accurate electrochemical biosensing applications. In this light, this review is aimed at analyzing design considerations, electrical specifications, and measurement characteristics of potentiostats, specifically customized for protein detection. This review demonstrates how a proper potentiostat for protein quantification should be able to supply voltages in a range between few mV to few V, with high resolution in terms of readable current (in the order of 100 pA). To ensure a reliable quantification of clinically relevant protein concentrations (>1 ng/mL), the accuracy of the measurement (<1%) is significant and it can be ensured with proper digital-to-analog (10-16 bits) and analog-to-digital (10-24 bits) converters. Furthermore, the miniaturisation of electrochemical systems represents a key step toward portable, real-time, and fast point-of-care applications. This review is meant to serve as a guide for the design of customized potentiostats capable of a more proper and enhanced conditioning of electrochemical biosensors for protein detection.
2018
Under the main features required on portable devices in electrochemical instrumentation is to have a small size, low power consumption, economically affordable, and precision in the measurements. This paper describes the development of a programmable Embedded Potentiostat System (EPS) capable of performing electrochemical sensing over system-on-a-chip platforms. Furthermore, the study explains a circuit design and develops some validation of the entire system. The hardware validation is performed by electrochemical experiments such as Double Step Chronoamperometry (DSC), Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV); moreover, a comparison of the experimental signals between a commercial potentiostat and the EPS was done by analysis of errors on the response signal. Results illustrate that the EPS is capable of handling currents in the range of absolute values of 86.44 to 3000 nA, and having control voltages in the range of ± 2 V. The device can support from 50 to 2000 ...
PLoS ONE, 2021
A potentiostat is an essential piece of analytical equipment for studying electrochemical devices and reactions. As the design of electrochemical devices evolve, applications for systems with multiple working electrodes have become more common. These applications drive a need for low-cost multi-channel potentiostat systems. We have developed a portable, low-cost and scalable system with a modular design that can support 8 to 64 channels at a cost as low as 8perchannel.Thisdesigncanreplacethefunctionalityofcommercialpotentiostatswhichcostupwardsof8 per channel. This design can replace the functionality of commercial potentiostats which cost upwards of 8perchannel.Thisdesigncanreplacethefunctionalityofcommercialpotentiostatswhichcostupwardsof10k for certain applications. Each channel in the multi-channel potentiostat has an independent adjustable voltage source with a built-in ammeter and switch, making the device flexible for various configurations. The multi-channel potentiostat is designed for low current applications (nA range), but its purpose can change by varying its shunt resistor value. The system can either function as a standalone device or remotely ...
Current-Mirror-Based Potentiostats for Three-Electrode Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors PDF
We present a new circuit topology for potentiostats that interface with three-electrode amperometric electrochemical sensors. In this new topology, a current-copying circuit, e.g., a current mirror, is placed in the sensor current path to generate a mirrored image of the sensor current. The mirrored image is then measured and processed instead of the sensor current itself. The new potentiostat topology consumes very low power, occupies a very small die area, and has potentially very low noise. These characteristics make the new topology very suitable for portable or bioimplantable applications. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the new topology, we present the results of a potentiostat circuit implemented in a 0.18-m CMOS process. The circuit converts the sensor current to a frequency-modulated pulse waveform, for which the time difference between two consecutive pulses is inversely proportional to the sensor current. The potentiostat measures the sensor current from 1 nA to 1 A with better than 0.1% of accuracy. It consumes only 70 W of power from a 1.8-V supply voltage and occupies an area of 0.02 mm 2 .
The demand for the development of swift, simple, and ultrasensitive biosensors has been increasing after the introduction of innovative approaches such as bioelectronics, nanotechnology, and electrochemistry. The possibility to correlate changes in electrical parameters with the concentration of protein biomarkers in biological samples is appealing to improve sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability of the biochemical assays currently available for protein investigation. Potentiostats are the required instruments to ensure the proper cell conditioning and signal processing in accurate electrochemical biosensing applications. In this light, this review is aimed at analyzing design considerations, electrical specifications, and measurement characteristics of potentiostats, specifically customized for protein detection. This review demonstrates how a proper potentiostat for protein quantification should be able to supply voltages in a range between few mV to few V, with high resolution in terms of readable current (in the order of 100 pA). To ensure a reliable quantification of clinically relevant protein concentrations (>1 ng/mL), the accuracy of the measurement (<1%) is significant and it can be ensured with proper digital-to-analog (10-16 bits) and analog-to-digital (10-24 bits) converters. Furthermore, the miniaturisation of electrochemical systems represents a key step toward portable, real-time, and fast point-of-care applications. This review is meant to serve as a guide for the design of customized potentiostats capable of a more proper and enhanced conditioning of electrochemical biosensors for protein detection.