molecules Selenium in Cattle: A Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Molecules, 2016
This review article examines the role of selenium (Se) and the effects of Se supplementation especially in the bovine species. Selenium is an important trace element in cattle. Some of its roles include the participation in the antioxidant defense the cattle farms. The nutritional requirements of Se in cattle are estimated at 100 µg/kg DM (dry matter) for beef cattle and at 300 µg/kg DM for dairy cows. The rations high in fermentable carbohydrates, nitrates, sulfates, calcium or hydrogen cyanide negatively influence the organism's use of the selenium contained in the diet. The Se supplementation may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts during the postpartum period. The increase in fertility when adding Se is attributed to the reduction of the embryonic death during the first month of gestation. A use of organic Se in feed would provide a better transfer of Se in calves relative to mineral Se supplementation. The addition of Se yeasts in the foodstuffs of cows significantly increases the Se content and the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk compared to the addition of sodium selenite. The enzyme 5-iodothyronine deiodinase is a seleno-dependent selenoprotein. It is one of the last proteins to be affected in the event of Se deficiency. This delay in response could explain the fact that several studies did not show the effect of Se supplementation on growth and weight gain of calves. Enrichment of Se in the diet did not significantly affect the slaughter weight and carcass yield of bulls. The impact and results of Se supplementation in cattle depend on physiological stage, Se status of animals, type and content of Se and types of Se administration. Further studies in Se supplementation should investigate the speciation of Se in food and yeasts, as well as understanding their metabolism and absorption. This constitute a path to exploit in order to explain certain different effects of Se.
Animal science papers and reports
The results of studies conducted so far in the field of supplementing Se deficiency in cow and goat diets demonstrate unequivocally the positive influence of supplements used on the improvement of the health status of animals and an important increase in the concentration of this microelement in the obtained milk. The positive influence on health is reflected in the increased antioxidative status and immunological potential of these animals, in the reduced risk of mastitis, in the improvement of reproductive rate and increased Se transfer to cow foetus. The best results are obtained when the diet is supplemented with selenium yeast. The improvement in animal Se supply also has a positive influence on the increase of antioxidative properties of milk and meat. Further research in the field is necessary, connected among others with determining the relationship between the concentration of Se and antagonistic elements as well as vitamin E.
Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2010
With the aim to study the plasma Se content during transition period, 2 groups of 12 dairy cows were monitored the month before and after calving. In stall 1 (S1) cows were tied and individually fed, in stall2 (S2) cows were free and fed TMR. In both stalls cows were supplied with Se as Na-selenite. In S1 3 mg/d of Se were fed mixed with corn silage while, in S2, Se was offered with TMR, in dry period 2 mg/d were added with a mineral-vitamin supplement, in lactation 2.6 mg/d (when DMI was 22.2 kg/d) with the concentrate. Forages, the same for both stalls, and concentrates were sampled for chemical composition and Se determination. Cows were checked for milk yield and its content of somatic cells (SCC), health problems, and bled for Se determination in plasma. Average Se intake was higher in S1, in both dry (4.08 vs 2.76 mg/d) and lactating (5.80 vs 2.11 mg/d) period. Besides the supplementation, differences depended on high Se intake in S1 with the concentrate (increased after calving to 11.5 kg/DM on d 30 and containing 0.24 mg/kg DM of Se). According to the intake, plasma Se content resulted higher in S1 in dry (1.20 vs 0.74 µmol/L) and lactating (1.47 vs 0.62 µmol/L) cows. In close-up plasma Se decreased in both groups, in first days of lactation increased in S1, while decreased in S2 to level indicating a deficient intake (0.50 µmol/L). These results confirm the link between Se intake and its plasma level. Finally, Se plasma content did not seem related to cow health status during transition period.
Selenite and Selenium Yeast as Feed Supplements for Dairy Cows
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 2000
The availabilityof inorganic and organic forms of selenium to dairy cows was studied by giving 25 cows supplementary selenium for 9 months either as sodium selenite or as a selenium-containing yeast product. Group I (eight cows) received 3.0mg selenium as sodium selenite daily, group II (nine cows) received 3.0 mg selenium as the selenium yeast product, and group III (eight cows) received 0.75 mg selenium as the selenium yeast product, The total selenium contents of the ration were 0.26-0.32 mg/kg feed dry matter for groups I and II, and O.l6-0.l8mg/kg for group III. The supplement of 0.75 mg selenium dailyfrom the yeast product maintained the selenium concentrations of whole blood and milk at the same levels as 3.0 mg selenium as sodium selenite, and 3.0 mg selenium from the yeast product increased the selenium concentration of whole blood by~40% and that of milk by~100%. The activity of glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes of the group given selenite was not significantly different from that in either of the groups given the yeast product. The concentrations of selenium in the tissues of two cows from each group were marginal to adequate, and there was a trend for the concentrations to be higher in the tissues of the cows supplemented with the yeast product.
2017
The study was to determine the effect of Se in its inorganic (sodium selenite) compared to organic (selenised yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) forms added to a grass-plus maize-silage based diet on milk yield, milk composition and blood serum metabolic profile of dairy cows. The experiment lasted for 90 days between 150 and 240 day of lactation (SD=26) to avoid the burden connected with high milk productivity in the beginning and at the peak of lactation. One group of cows was supplemented with the mixture containing inorganic Se (sodium selenite), while in the organic treatment the mineral-vitamin mixture was identical except for no sodium selenite added, with Se included in the form of selenised yeast (6 g of yeast/cow/day = 6 mg Se/cow/day). After 90 days of the experiment no differences were observed between the treatments in the amount of fodder consumed, daily milk yield or milk components. However, the cows under the Se organic treatment had higher overall milk production (20...
Organic and inorganic selenium: II. Transfer efficiency from ewes to lambs1
Journal of Animal Science, 2012
Adequate Se transfer from ewes to lauil)s is iuiportaut to prevent Se-deficieucy diseases. To evaluate how different chemical forms of Se admiuistered at comparative dosages to mature ewes affect Se status of their lambs, 240 ewes were divided into 8 treatmeut groups (n = 30 each) and drenched weekly (at an amount equal to their summed daily intake) with noSe (coutrols); at recommended amounts (4.9 mg of Se/wk) with iuorgauic Na-seleuite, inorganic Na-selenate, or organic Se-yeast; or at suprauutritioual amouuts (14.7 and 24.5 mg of Se/wk) with Na-selenite or Se-yeast for 1 yr. Weekly drenching of Se was effective at increasing {P < 0.002) Se concentrations in ewe colostrum and milk at 30 d of lactation aud iu improviug (P < 0.001) the Se status of lambs (whole-blood aud serum-Se couceutratious at birth, aud skeletal-muscle Se couceutratious at 14 d of age). Seleuiuui couceutratious iu lacteal secretions were greater iu ewes dreuched with Se-yeast (colostrum: 374, 436, aud 982 ug/mL at 4.9, 14.7, aud 24.5 mg of Se/wk, respectivídy; milk: 26, 39, 64 Ug/mL) compared with ewes drenched with Naselenite (colostrum: 204, 334, 428 ug/mL; milk: 16, 21, 24 ng/mL), and were also greater {P < 0.001) in their lambs. Selenium couceutratious coutiuued to iucrease (P < 0.001) in lamb whole blood (558 and 695 ng/ mL at 14.7 aud 24.5 mg of Se/wk, respectively), serum (126, 183 ng/mL), aud skeletal muscle (991, 1,696 ug/ niL) with supranutritioual couceutrations of Se-yeast, whereas Se concentrations did uot differ iu whole blood (304, 332 Ug/mL), serum (77, 85 ug/mL), or skeletal muscle (442, 482 ug/mg) of lambs from ewes drenched with 14.7 or 24.5 mg of Se/wk of Na-selenite. We conclude that weekly oral dreuchiug of ewes during gestation and lactation with organic Se-yeast results iu a more efficieut trausfer of Se (over a wide rauge of supplemeutation rates) from ewe to lamb than does inorganic Na-seleuite.
Effects of selenium supplement forms on the diet–cow–calf transfer of selenium in Simmental cattle
Czech Journal of Animal Science, 2017
The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of diet–cow–calf transfer of selenium (Se) depending on the forms of Se-supplement given to cows of Simmental breed during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first week of lactation. On day 195 of pregnancy the cows were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups (n = 6), and the newborn calves belonged to the same group as their mothers (n = 6). The cows in the control group received diet without Se-supplement, while the supplemented groups received Se in equivalent doses in a powder form (Se-unprotected) or in a protected form (Se-protected) of sodium selenite or in organic compounds (Se-yeast), the calves received colostrum and milk from their mothers. The data about feed and Se intake, colostrum and milk daily production, Se concentration in colostrum, milk, and cows and calves blood serum were recorded. The diet–cow Se transfer efficiency was estimated as the following ratios: the concentration of Se in cows’ ...
Livestock Science, 2009
The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of total selenium (Se) and of the proportion of total Se comprised as the selenized amino acids selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) within the post mortem tissues of lambs that were fed high dose selenized enriched yeast (SY), derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae CNCM (Collection Nationale de Culture de Microorganism) I-3060. Thirty two Texel X Suffolk lambs (6.87± 0.23 kg BW) were offered both reconstituted milk replacer and a pelleted diet, both of which had been either supplemented with high SY (6.30± 0.18 mg Se/kg DM) or unsupplemented (0.13± 0.01 mg Se/kg of DM), depending on treatment designation, for a continuous period of 91 d. At enrollment and 28, 56 and 91 d following enrollment lambs were blood sampled. At the completion of the treatment period, five lambs from each treatment group were euthanized and samples of heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle (longissimus dorsi and psoas major) were retained for Se analysis. The inclusion of high SY increased (P b 0.001) whole blood Se concentration, reaching a maximum mean value of 815.2 ± 19.1 ng Se/mL compared with 217.8 ± 9.1 ng Se/mL in control animals. Tissue total Se concentrations were significantly (Pb 0.001) higher in SY supplemented animals than in controls irrespective of tissue type; values were 26,16, 8 and 3 times higher in skeletal muscle, liver, heart and kidney tissue of HSY lambs when compared to controls. However, the distribution of total Se and the proportions of total Se comprised as either SeMet or SeCys differed between tissue types. Selenocysteine was the predominant selenized amino acid in glandular tissues, such the liver and kidney, irrespective of treatment, although absolute values were markedly higher in HSY lambs. Conversely selenomethionine was the predominant selenized amino acid in cardiac and skeletal muscle (longissimus dorsi, and psoas major) tissues in HSY animals, although the same trend was not apparent for control lambs in which SeCys was the predominant selenized amino acid. It was concluded that there were increases in both whole blood and tissue total Se concentrations as a result of dietary supplementation with high dose of SY. Furthermore, distribution of total Se and Se species differed between both treatment designation and tissue type.