The sources and the targets of oxidative stress in the etiology of diabetic complications (original) (raw)

The Role of Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus

Journal of Pharmacy Technology, 2010

Many patients use dietary supplements, including vitamins, minerals, and herbal products, on a daily basis to improve their health. Pharmacists can educate patients about the proper use of dietary supplements and the role of these supplements on their health.

ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS

Pharmacologyonline, 2011

This review article is comprised of pathogenesis and role of free radicals and oxidative stress in progression of diabetes and diabetic complications. Reactive oxygen species are formed disproportionately in diabetes by glucose autooxidation, impaired polyol pathway, nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, and the subsequent oxidative degradation of glycated proteins. Abnormally high levels of free radicals and the simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms can lead to damage cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins, DNA, increased lipid peroxidation, and development of insulin resistance. It has been suggested that enhanced production of free radicals and oxidative stress is central event to the development of diabetic complications. Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, vitamins, lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, nonenzymatic glycosylated proteins, and hyperglycemia play major role in the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes mellitus as well as diabetic complications including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, diabetic foot ulcer, diabetic ketoacidosis and peripheral vascular diseases. Antioxidants, capable of neutralizing free radicals or their actions, act at different stages. They act at the levels of prevention, interception and repair caused by free radical induced cell damage.

An Overview on Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that has gravely affected the human health and quality of life. It is a global health crisis, which has been persistently affecting the humanity, irrespective of the socioeconomic profile and geographic location of the population. According to an estimate, every five seconds one person is detected with diabetes somewhere in the world, while someone dies of it every ten seconds. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the onset and progression of diabetes. Many of the common risk factors, such as increased age, unhealthy eating habits and obesity, all contribute to an oxidative environment that may change insulin sensitivity either by increasing insulin resistance or impairing glucose tolerance. The mechanisms by which alteration in insulin sensitivity occurs are often multifactorial and quite complex, involving multiple cell signaling pathways. A common outcome of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which in turn contributes to the progression and disturbance of an overall cellular oxidative status. Oxidative stress seems to be a significant causative agent both in onset as well as progression of diseases.

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Diabetic Complications

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 2012

Diabetes is considered to be one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. There is a growing scientific and public interest in connecting oxidative stress with a variety of pathological conditions including diabetes mellitus (DM) as well as other human diseases. Previous experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of complications of both types of DM. However, the exact mechanism by which oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of complications in diabetic mellitus is only partly known and remains to be clarified. On the one hand, hyperglycemia induces free radicals; on the other hand, it impairs the endogenous antioxidant defense system in patients with diabetes. Endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms include both enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. Their functions in human cells are to counterbalance toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Common antioxidants include the vitamins A, C, and E, glutathione (GSH), and the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GRx). This review describes the importance of endogenous antioxidant defense systems, their relationship to several pathophysiological processes and their possible therapeutic implications in vivo.

Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress––A concise review

Human body is continuously exposed to different types of agents that results in the production of reactive species called as free radicals (ROS/RNS) which by the transfer of their free unpaired electron causes the oxidation of cellular machinery. In order to encounter the deleterious effects of such species, body has got endogenous antioxidant systems or it obtains exogenous antioxidants from diet that neutralizes such species and keeps the homeostasis of body. Any imbalance between the RS and antioxidants leads to produce a condition known as ''oxidative stress'' that results in the development of pathological condition among which one is diabetes. Most of the studies reveal the inference of oxidative stress in diabetes pathogenesis by the alteration in enzymatic systems, lipid peroxidation, impaired Glutathione metabolism and decreased Vitamin C levels. Lipids, proteins, DNA damage, Glutathione, catalane and superoxide dismutase are various biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress induced complications of diabetes may include stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. The basic aim of this review was to summarize the basics of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. ª 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

A review on the role of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications

Biomedecine & …, 2005

Diabetes is a prevalent systemic disease affecting a significant proportion of the population worldwide. The effects of diabetes are devastating and well documented. There is increasing evidence that in certain pathologic states, especially chronic diseases, the increased production and/or ineffective scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a critical role. High reactivity of ROS determines chemical changes in virtually all cellular components, leading to lipid peroxidation. Production of ROS and disturbed capacity of antioxidant defense in diabetic subjects have been reported. It has been suggested that enhanced production of free radicals and oxidative stress is central event to the development of diabetic complications. This suggestion has been supported by demonstration of increased levels of indicators of oxidative stress in diabetic individuals suffering from complications. Therefore, it seems reasonable that antioxidants can play an important role in the improvement of diabetes. There are many reports on effects of antioxidants in the management of diabetes. In this paper, after complete bibliography and criticizing all relevant articles, the relationships between diabetes and oxidative stress and use of antioxidants in the management of diabetes and its complications have been well reviewed. This review well indicates that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Use of antioxidants reduces oxidative stress and alleviates diabetic complications.

Oxidative Stress and Diabetes: An Overview

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2015

Oxidative stress is well known to be involved in the pathogenesis of lifestyle related diseases. Oxidative stress contributes to many pathological conditions including cancer, asthma, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. It is a state in which oxidation exceeds the antioxidant systems in the body secondary to a loss of balance between them. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced from molecular oxygen as a result of normal cellular metabolism and environmental factors such as air pollutants, cigarette smoke and sedentary lifestyle. ROS are highly reactive molecules that can damage carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. There is considerable evidence that induction of oxidative stress is a key process in the onset of diabetes. Lipid peroxidation owing to free radical activity plays an important role in complications of diabetes. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation are a consequence of free radical activity in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The human body has several mechanisms to counter the effects of these reactive species by the production of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione and catalase. Antioxidants can also be taken exogenously through the diet. In this review article, we summarize the effect of oxidative stress in the development of diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Oxidative stress and Antioxidants

International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS)

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. This study was undertaken to find the oxidative stress and antioxidant conditions in diabetic and healthy individuals.Method: A case-control study was carried out at Kantipur Dental College Teaching Hospital & Research center, Kathmandu, Nepal from January 2018 to January 2019 with 200 subjects. Amongst them 100 were diagnosed as diabetic individuals and rest 100 were healthy controls with age and gender matched. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fasting for the analysis of glucose, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, nitric oxide, total antioxidant activity, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxidase and catalase.Result: The plasma glucose, lipid peroxidation parameters: TBARS, lipid hydroperoxid...

Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress a Co relative and therapeutic approach

The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2019

Oxidative stress is one of the factors of the lead to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) a serious and fast growing health problem worldwide. Numerous studies report that the pancreatic βcells pay an important role in T2DM progression but the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully deciphered. The biochemical changes in diabetes mellitus lead to disturbance in oxidative milleu which turn lads to several macro and micro vascular complication in patients. Diabetes mellitus represents an ideal disease to study the adverse effects to oxidative stress and oxidative stress and its treatment. The literature search performed using the terms: diabetes mellitus, the effect of oxidative stress on β-cell, role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and antioxidant characteristics of oxidative stress in diabetes and proposes their probable clarifications.