Variables associated with reduced dietary intake in hemodialysis patients (original) (raw)
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Nutricion Hospitalaria, 2014
Introducción: Malnutrición/desgaste proteico-energético (DPE)/caquexia son situaciones patológicas complejas frecuentemente infradiagnosticadas o no tratadas hasta en un 75% de los pacientes prevalentes en hemodiálisis (HD). El proceso de atención nutricional (PAN) basado en la evaluación, diagnóstico, intervención y monitorización del estado nutricional es un método que los profesionales de la nutrición utilizan para tomar decisiones en la práctica clínica. Objetivo: Esta revisión examina desde la perspectiva de la práctica clínica nutricional: a) el estado nutricional como factor causante de morbi-mortalidad; b) las características fenotípicas de malnutrición, DPE y caquexia y, c) el PAN con especial énfasis en el soporte nutricional y las nuevas terapias nutricionales y farmacológicas en pacientes en HD. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura usando las bases científicas electrónicas Pubmed, Science Direct, Scielo, Scopus y Medline. Se incluyeron estudios publicados desde 1990 hasta 2013 que valoraban el estado nutricional y/o el soporte nutricional en pacientes en HD. Resultados: De todos los datos epidemiológicos analizados, el PAN fue el método sugerido para identificar malnutrición/DPE/caquexia. El soporte nutricional como tratamiento aislado no era capaz de revertir totalmente la malnutrición o el DPE. Nuevas estrategias terapéuticas experimentales incluyendo el uso de estimulantes del apetito, agonistas de grelina, antagonistas MC4-R, esteroides anabólicos, antiinflamatorios y colecalciferol entre otros componentes, están siendo aún evaluados clínicamente. Conclusiones: El estado nutricional es un predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes en HD. Malnutrición, DPE y caquexia son términos con implicaciones terapéuticas diferentes. El PAN es una herramienta necesaria para la evaluación y la monitorización nutricional en la práctica clínica habitual. Estudios con nuevas terapias farmacológicas o intervenciones con suplementación de nutrientes específicos son requeridos.
Background: Poor appetite could be indicative of protein energy wasting (PEW) and experts recommend assessing appetite in dialysis patients. Our study aims to determine the relationship between PEW and appetite in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: HD patients (n=205) self-rated their appetite on a scale of 1 to 5 as very good (1), good (2), fair (3), poor (4) or very poor (5). Nutritional markers were compared against appetite ratings. Using logistic regression analysis associations between dichotomized appetite with PEW diagnosis were determined as per the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) criteria and alternate objective measures. Data was adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Results: Poorer appetite ratings were significantly associated with lower income (P = 0.021), lower measurements (P < 0.05) for mid-arm muscle circumference, mid-arm muscle area and lean tissue mass (LTM), serum urea (P = 0.007) and creatinine (P = 0.005). The highest hsCRP (P = 0.016) levels occurred in patients reporting the poorest appetite. Serum albumin did not differ significantly across appetite ratings. Poor oral intake represented by underreporting (EI/BMR < 1.2) was evident for all appetite ratings. PEW was prevalent irrespective of appetite ratings (very good: 17.6 %, good: 40.2 %, fair: 42.3 % and poor: 83.3 %). After dichotomizing appetite ratings into normal and diminished categories, there was a marginal positive association between diminished appetite and overall PEW diagnosis (ORadj: 1.71; 95 % CI: 0.94–3.10, P = 0.079). Amongst individual ISRNM criteria, only BMI <23 kg/m2 was positively associated with diminished appetite (ORadj: 2.17; 95 % CI: 1.18–3.99). However, patients reporting diminished appetite were more likely to have lower LTM (ORadj: 2.86; 95 % CI: 1.31–6.24) and fat mass (ORadj: 1.91; 95 % CI: 1.03–3.53), lower levels of serum urea (ORadj: 2.74; 95 % CI: 1.49–5.06) and creatinine (ORadj: 1.99; 95 % CI: 1.01–3.92), higher Dialysis Malnutrition Score (ORadj: 2.75; 95 % CI: 1.50–5.03), Malnutrition Inflammation Score (ORadj: 2.15; 95 % CI: 1.17–3.94), and poorer physical (ORadj: 3.49; 95 % CI: 1.89–6.47) and mental (ORadj: 5.75; 95 % CI: 3.02–10.95) scores. Conclusions: A graded but non-significant increase in the proportion of PEW patients occurred as appetite became poorer. However, after dichotomization, a positive but marginally significant association was observed between diminished appetite and PEW diagnosis.
Assessment of the Nutritional Status of the Hemodialysis Patients by Anthropometric Measurements
Cureus, 2021
This study assessed the nutritional status of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) by utilizing bedside anthropometric measurements. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was done from November 2020 till April 2021 on ESRD patients three times a week MHD at our centre. Anthropometric measurements including body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT), mid-arm circumference (MAC), calf circumference (CC) and handgrip strength (HGS) were measured mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) was calculated, and nutritional status was determined. Results Out of 195 patients recruited in our study, 127 (65.1%) were male. The mean age was 51.2 ± 14.8 years with a minimum of 20 and a maximum of 90 years, while the mean duration of HD was 4.6 ± 4.1 years. The majority of our patients had TSFT of 60 % to 90% 93 (47.7%), indicating mild to moderate depletion of fat stores and MAMC of >90 % 128 (65.6%), indicating good protein stores. Among all anthropometric measures, BMI was strongly associated with age (<0.001), while gender and duration of MHD were associated with TSFT (p <0.001). Conclusion Anthropometric measurements are easy and inexpensive bedside methods for assessing the nutritional status of ESRD patients on MHD. Our study concluded that our MHD patients have overall good nutritional status, though our young patients have low BMI and old have obesity. Male patients have weaker HGS. With the increased number of years on MHD, malnutrition increases. Our study will help to treat physicians and nutritionists for proper nutritional planning and implementation to prevent malnutrition.
Background & aims: Refeeding severely malnourished patients with Anorexia nervosa requires specialized in-patient treatment to reduce medical risks, to avoid refeeding syndrome and other life-threatening situations. Methods: The authors present a retrospective cohort nutritional rehabilitation study of 33 very severe Anorexia nervosa in-patients, aged 22.8 AE 7.6 years (xAESD) and with an initial body mass index 12 kg/ m 2 , treated in a specialized Eating Disorders Unit. Results: Thirty-three female patients were included and treated. Mean BMI increased from 11.3 AE 0.7 Kg/ m 2 , to 13.5 AE 1 Kg/m 2 , and mean body weight from 29.1 AE 3.2 Kg to 34.5 AE 3.3 Kg, after 60 days of intensive in-patient treatments (p < 0.0001). Feeding was carefully instituted; caloric intake levels were established after measuring REE by indirect calorimetry. Nutritional support was initiated with temporary nasogastric feeding in 30 patients, and with oral supplementation in 3 patients. Vitamins, potassium and phosphate supplements were administered during refeeding. All patients achieved a significant increase in body weight, none developed refeeding syndrome as far as laboratory and clinical investigations were concerned. Conclusions: Our findings show that, even in cases of extreme undernutrition, if feeding is performed cautiously and in a specialized unit, it is possible to avoid the refeeding syndrome.
Appetite in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Longitudinal Study
Journal of Renal Nutrition, 2009
Objective: In hemodialysis (HD) patients, appetite behavior over time and the causes of diminished appetite are essentially unknown. The present study aimed to assess appetite over time in HD patients, and to define the factors associated with different appetite trends.
Food Intake and Nutritional Status in Stable Hemodialysis Patients
Renal Failure, 2010
This is a cross-sectional, multicenter, controlled study aiming to evaluate changes of actual dietary nutrient intake in 94 stable hemodialysis patients in respect to 52 normal subjects and guideline recommendations, and to assess the prevalence of signs of malnutrition. Energy and nutrients intake assessment was obtained by a three-day period food recall. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters of nutrition, bioelectric impedance vector analysis, and subjective global assessment (SGA) have been performed to assess nutritional status. SGA-B was scored in 5% of the patients. Body mass index < 20 Kg/m 2 , serum albumin <35 g/L, nPNA < 1.0 g/Kg, and phase angle <4.0° were detected in 16.3%, 16%, 23%, and 8.0 % of patients, respectively. HD patients showed a lower energy and protein intake in respect to controls, but no difference occurred when normalized per ideal body weight (29.3 ± 8.4 vs. 29.5 ± 8.4 Kcal/Kg i.b.w./d and 1.08 ± 0.35 vs. 1.12 ± 0.32 Kcal/Kg i.b.w. /d, respectively). Age was the only parameter that inversely correlates with energy (r = −0.35, p < 0.001) and protein intake (r = −0.34, p < 0.001). This study shows that in stable dialysis patients, abnormalities of nutritional parameters are less prevalent than expected by analysis of dietary food intake. Age is the best predictor of energy and protein intake in the dialysis patients who ate less than normal people, but no difference emerged when energy and protein intakes were normalized for body weight. These results recall the attention for individual dietetic counseling in HD patients, and also for a critical re-evaluation of their dietary protein and energy requirements.
Body Weight, Anorexia, and Undernutrition in Older People
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2013
Ideal body weight for maximum life expectancy increases with advancing age. Older people, however, tend to weigh less than younger adults, and old age is also associated with a tendency to lose weight. Weight loss in older people is associated with adverse outcomes, particularly if unintentional, and initial body weight is low. When older people lose weight, more of the tissue lost is lean tissue (mainly skeletal muscle) than in younger people. When excessive, the loss of lean muscle tissue results in sarcopenia, which is associated with poor health outcomes. Unintentional weight loss in older people may be a result of protein-energy malnutrition, cachexia, the physiological anorexia of aging, or a combination of these. The physiological anorexia of aging is a decrease in appetite and energy intake that occurs even in healthy people and is possibly caused by changes in the digestive tract, gastrointestinal hormone concentrations and activity, neurotransmitters, and cytokines. A greater understanding of this decrease in appetite and energy intake during aging, and the responsible mechanisms, may aid the search for ways to treat undernutrition and weight loss in older people.