Pine Pitch: New Treatment Protocols for a Brittle and Crumbly Conservation Problem (original) (raw)
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An assessment of pine pitch canker in Radiata pine
2006
Perspective This assessment ofthe potential impact of pine pitch canker on radiata pine plantations outside the USA is made from a silvicultural and management viewpoint. It is based on the author's long experience studying radiata pine, on his reading round the subject, his general knowledge of how diseases have previously impacted plantations, a brief visit to Ano Nuevo in California in November 1999 and discussions with Professor Bill Libby in California. The author acknowledges he is a silviculturist and not a pathologist and that it is very difficult to predict what the outcome might be, if the disease became established in radiata pine plantations outside the USA.
Resumen En condiciones de pérdida extrema de suelo se requieren programas de restauración ecológica para optimar el esta-blecimiento de cobertura vegetal y protección de suelos. Un primer paso es seleccionar especies que puedan tolerar las condiciones de sitios degradados mediante ensayos de especies. Con la finalidad de restaurar sitios severamente erosionados con presencia de cárcavas en Atécuaro, mu-nicipio de Morelia, Michoacán, México, se estableció un estudio de especies con Pinus cembroides, P. greggii, P. devoniana y P. pseudostrobus. Hubo tres condiciones de pendiente: testigo (0-5°), suave (5°-30°) y fuerte (30°); adicionalmente hubo tres tratamientos de fertilización (fosfato de potasio, nitrato de amonio y fosfato diamónico y un testigo). El diseño experimental fue bloques comple-tos al azar, con parcelas divididas y las especies plantadas en cuadro latino. El análisis estadístico consistió en análisis de varianza y el modelo estadístico fue simplificado elimi-nando los términos no significativos para todas las variables de respuesta. Se evaluó supervivencia, altura y diáme-tro del 2005 al 2011 y se analizó la clorofila al final. Pinus cembroides fue la especie de mayor supervivencia (81 %) pero crecimiento menor (76 cm), P. pseudostrobus mostró menor supervivencia (38 %) (p0.0001) y P. devoniana supervivencia de 80 %. Pinus greggii tuvo crecimiento mayor (332 cm) (p0.0001) y respondió a la fertilización con fosfato diamónico aumentando los niveles de clorofila a, b y total. El análisis de resultados sugiere que una plantación mixta de P. devoniana y P. greggii (P. pseudostrobus sólo en pendiente 30°) podría ser la mejor opción para restau-rar estos sitios. Pinus greggii (exótica al área de estudio) se AbstRAct In conditions of extreme soil loss, ecological restoration programs are required to optimize the establishment of vegetation and soil protection. A first step is to select species that can tolerate the conditions of degraded sites through species trials. In order to restore severely eroded sites with the presence of gullies in Atécuaro, municipality of Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, we established a study of species with Pinus cembroides, P. greggii, P. devoniana and P. pseudostrobus. There were three slope conditions: control (0-5°), mild (5°-30°) and strong (30°); in addition, there were three fertilization treatments (potassium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, diammonium phosphate and a control). The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with split plots and species planted in Latin square. Statistical analysis consisted of analysis of variance and the statistical model was simplified by removing non-significant terms for all response variables. Variables were survival, height and diameter from 2005 to 2011 and analyzed chlorophyll at the end of the trial. Pinus cembroides was the species of longer survival (81 %) but lower growth (76 cm); P. pseudostrobus showed lower survival (38 %) (p0.0001) and P. devoniana 80 % survival. Pinus greggii recorded greater growth (332 cm) (p0.0001) and responded to fertilization with diammonium phosphate, increasing the levels of chlorophyll a, b and total. Result analysis suggests that a mixed plantation of P. devoniana and P. greggii (P. pseudostrobus only slope 30°) may be the best option to restore such sites. Pinus greggii (exotic to the study area) can be used in early stages of restoration to create favorable microsites for the establishment of endemic species such as P. devoniana, creating a cover to minimize erosion.
Identification of Debris Phenomena in Pine Trees, and Ways of their Management
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture
The most important studies performed worldwide with presented specific methods, supply the possibility of elaborating our review study in:   pine seedling physiology and the importance to survival and growth of pine seedling physiology, identification of the environmental factors that are critical to successful pine seedling performance, and comparison of the effectiveness of various tests for predicting survival and growth of pine seedlings in nurseries. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the main causes of debris phenomena in pine trees, and also to establish current pine nursery integrated management assessment methods The research was carried on available literature, from last five years, available from international databases, and also from national forestry offices. A series of methods are usually used in order to identify the performances of pine seedlings in nurseries, and possible debris phenomena apparitio...
2012
Under the constant pressure to use timber, some wood species, previously considered as secondary and not economically important, are now taken into consideration. Two Pine species, Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Mugo Pine (Pinus uncinata) are amongst these secondary timbers. While Aleppo Pine is usually reported as having a low natural durability, Mugo Pine is described as durable despite a lack of clear and/or consistent data on this crucial property for their end-uses. Aleppo Pine (from Morocco) and Mugo Pine (from France and Spain) were studied for their durability towards both fungi and termites. The tests were performed with or without accelerated ageing (leaching) according to the methods described in the EN 350-1 (Guide to the principles of testing and classification of the natural durability of wood) and normative documents associated to its revision. The results obtained are discussed within the scope of the European tests standards. Tests methods are compared and a pro...
Comparison based on field tests of three low-environmental-impact wood treatments
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2011
In order to promote the use of Pinus pinea L. wood within the Migliarino-San Rossore Nature Reserve (Pisa, central Italy), three low-environmental-impact wood treatments, supposed to enhance natural durability, were compared. Impregnations with an oil-based preservative and natural waxes and a wood thermal treatment were tested in the field in accordance with standards ENV 12037 and EN 252. The above-ground test revealed that: P. pinea sapwood is more durable than Pinus sylvestris sapwood; all the alternative treatments showed a low mean decay level; wax and oil treatments performed as well as the traditional copper-based preservative; the natural durability class of P. pinea will only be calculated upon the complete failure of all reference lap-joints. The main outcomes from the in-ground test were: All the tested treatments increased the durability of wood, and the protective effectiveness of alternative treatments was comparable to traditional copper-based ones, or even superior in the case of heated oil. Taking certain mechanical and aesthetic limitations into account, all the treatments were suitable for the promotion of the P. pinea wood commodity in use classes 3 and 4.
Forests
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a widespread species throughout Europe and at the same time is dominant in Polish forests and of key importance in the wood industry. Pine stands are subjected to numerous environmental stresses, and one of them is the different physico-chemical and biological properties of post-agricultural soils compared to forest soils, which may affect the properties of the resulting wood and its industrial suitability. The research material taken at the height of 1.3 m from tree trunks (breast height diameter, dbh) in the form of sections and discs was collected in an 80-year-old pine stand from four plots, representing former agricultural and ancient forest land, and two types of habitats: fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest. The forest habitat trophy had a decisive impact on the dendrometric characteristics and properties of pine wood (density, modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and compressive strength along the tracheids). The ...