Antifeedant and Insecticide Properties of a Limonoid from Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) with Potential Use for Pest Management (original) (raw)
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Potent Limonoid Insect Antifeedant from Melia azedarach(Organic Chemistry)
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2002
Systematic fractionation of a fruit extract from Argentine Melia azedarach L., which was monitored by an insect antifeedant bioassay, led to the isolation of meliartenin, a limonoid antifeedant, which existed as a mixture of two interchangeable isomers. At 4 mg W cm 2 and 1 mg W cm 2 , the isomeric mixture was as active as azadirachtin in strongly inhibiting the larval feeding of Epilachna paenulata Germ. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the polyphagous pest, Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), respectively.
Chilean journal of agricultural research, 2009
A study was undertaken of the physical and chemical characteristics and insecticide properties of melia (Melia azedarach L.) (Meliaceae) fruit and leaves; melia has been introduced in Chile for ornamental purposes. The physical and chemical properties were evaluated in two stages of fruit and leaf maturity, i.e., green /mature, and mature/juvenile, respectively. Laboratory bioassays were carried out on Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) as an insect model. The diameter of M. azedarach fruit was in the lower limit in relation to other studies. The flour obtained from green fruit had an average dry weight inferior to that of mature fruit. The average dry leaf weights were similar in both juvenile and mature states. The green fruits had 50% initial humidity, similar to juvenile (60%) and mature (57%) leaves, but greater than the mature fruits (44%). The chemical analysis of the fruit maturity stages determined a slight increase in crude fiber content as maturity increased. There was a decrease in the lipid content of leaves close to 60% at maturity. Furthermore, an analysis of polyphenols was made using HPLC-DAD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector), and 14 compounds were identified as causes of the insecticidal effect of the M. azedarach fruit, of which three would correspond to flavonoids: one catechin and two kaempherols. Finally, the aqueous fruit and leaf extracts of M. azedarach were effective insecticides on D. melanogaster, reaching 90% mortality (125 000 mg kg-1) with juvenile leaves and 73.3% (10 700 mg kg-1) with green fruit.
Phytoparasitica, 2000
Methanolic extracts of seeds and fruits of the chinaberry tree,Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae), showed strong antifeedant activity against 2nd instar larvae ofSesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a very serious pest of maize(Zea mays L.) in Mediterranean countries. Extracts were applied in an artificial diet at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 ppm. The parameters used to evaluate the activity were larval growth rates; quantity of food ingested; phagodepression/phagostimulation index; quantity of frass produced; quantity of material ingested; duration of larval development; and cumulative mortality. Seed extract showed high bioactivity at both doses, while fruit extract proved to be less active, and only at the higher dose used (2000 ppm) did it display a slight antifeedant activity. The activity of theM. azedarach seed extract at the higher dose (2000 ppm) was comparable to that of pure azadirachtin applied at a dose of 1.25 ppm, or to ‘Mubel’, a commercial extract ofAzadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), applied at a dose of 75 ppm.
Pesticidal Activity of an Isolated Limonoid from Melia Azedarach L. Fruits
Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
Melia azedarach is one of a famous botanical pesticides source. Extraction of its fruits with aqueous acetone followed by liquid partitioning with n-butanol, ethanol and methanol lead to a heterocyclic compound (limonoid). Through IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, C-H COSY and MS spectroscopic measurements, the isolated compound was identified as 7-(3’-furyl)-benzo[3,4-c]-7H-oxol-2-one. The isolated compound exhibited moderate lethal effects on Spodoptera littoralis 4th larval instar with antifeeding activity increasingly with increasing the tested concentrations with EC50 49.3 and 315 µg/ml after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Its mortal effect against Culex pipens was increased systematically with LC50 1276, 934 and 257 µg/ml after 1, 2 and 4 days exposure, respectively. It inhibited the treated larvae pupation systematically with 148.7 µg/ml EC50 value. The isolated compound differently inhibited the hyphal growth of plant pathogenic fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Macrofomina phaseoli,...
Chilean journal of agricultural research, 2011
Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a defoliator of Ulmus species currently present in several regions of central Chile, causes severe damage to trees, mainly in park areas, street tree-lines and gardens. The antifeeding and insecticidal activities of extracts from immature fruit of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) were determined on adults of X. luteola in laboratory bioassays. Several concentrations of the extracts obtained with water and ethanol were used and their effectiveness and LC50 were determined. The antifeeding action of the water extracts caused 100% deterrence over concentrations of 3.6% w/v. Both extracts were effective insecticides against adults, causing 86% mortality (2.4% w/v), with a better performance of the ethanol extracts, with a LC50 of 0.9% w/v on the 3 rd day after exposure, and 6.6% w/v on the 5 th day with the water extract.
Activity of some nonazadirachtin limonoids from Azadirachta indica against lepidopteran larvae
Australian Journal of Entomology, 2004
The biological activity of azadirachtin, nimbocinol, azadiradione and salannin isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) was assessed alone and in combination against the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and cluster caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Nimbocinol exhibited growth inhibitory activity in artificial diet bioassays with 82.4 and 92.2 mg kg -1 concentrations inhibiting growth by 50%, respectively, in the two species. This efficacy was almost comparative to azadiradione (EC 50 = 109.6 and 102.1 mg kg -1 ) and salannin (EC 50 = 72.2 and 70.2 mg kg -1 ). Azadirachtin was the most active neem allelochemical against both insect species. In nutritional analysis, only nimbocinol and azadiradione reduced the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) in feeding experiments, indicating toxic rather than antifeedant effects. In a combination, when azadirachtin was present in a mixture, it always dominated in its efficacy and EC 50 values did not deviate much from the individual efficacy of azadirachtin (0.23 and 0.21 mg kg -1 , against H. armigera and S. litura larvae, respectively). However, enhanced activity among structurally variable molecules was observed, i.e., when salannin combines with nimbocinol or azadiradione, rather than structurally similar molecules like nimbocinol with azadiradione. The activity among nonazadirachtin limonoids in specific combination as opposed to the structural chemistry having explicitly two different modes of action, like feeding deterrence and chronic toxicity, may be playing a significant role in the multicomponent system.
Journal of Biosciences, 2004
Biological activities of the salannin type of limonoids isolated fromAzadirachta indica A. Juss were assessed using the gram pod borerHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and the tobacco armywormSpodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Inhibition of larval growth was concomitant with reduced feeding by neonate and third instar larvae. All three compounds exhibited strong antifeedant activity in a choice leaf disc bioassay with 2.0, 2.3 and 2.8 (μ/cm2 of 3-O-acetyl salannol, salannol and salannin, respectively deterring feeding by 50% inS. litura larvae. In nutritional assays, all three comounds reduced growth and consumption when fed to larvae without any effect on efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), suggesting antifeedant activity alone. No toxicity was observed nor was there any significant affect on nutritional indices following topical application, further suggesting specific action as feeding deterrents. When relative growth rates were plotted against relative consumption rates, growth efficiency of theH. armigera fed diet containing 3-O-acetyl salannol, salannol or salannin did not differ from that of starved control larvae (used as calibration curve), further confirming the specific antifeedant action of salannin type of limonoids. Where the three compounds were co-administered, no enhancement in activity was observed. Non-azadirachtin limonoids having structural similarities and explicitly similar modes of action, like feeding deterrence in the present case, have no potentiating effect in any combination.
The Phytochemical Composition of Melia volkensii and Its Potential for Insect Pest Management
Plants
Due to potential health and environmental risks of synthetic pesticides, coupled with their non-selectivity and pest resistance, there has been increasing demand for safer and biodegradable alternatives for insect pest management. Botanical pesticides have emerged as a promising alternative due to their non-persistence, high selectivity, and low mammalian toxicity. Six Meliaceae plant species, Azadirachta indica, Azadirachta excelsa, Azadirachta siamens, Melia azedarach, Melia toosendan, and Melia volkensii, have been subject to botanical pesticide evaluation. This review focuses on Melia volkensii, which has not been intensively studied. M. volkensii, a dryland tree species native to East Africa, has shown activity towards a broad range of insect orders, including dipterans, lepidopterans and coleopterans. Its extracts have been reported to have growth inhibiting and antifeedant properties against Schistocerca gregaria, Trichoplusia ni, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Epilachna varivestis, ...
Environmental Entomology, 2006
We studied the effects of Melia azedarach L. fruit extracts on survival of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring nymphs and the parasitoid Eretmocerus rui Zolnerowich and Rose and on whiteßy oviposition under laboratory conditions. In an experiment to determine toxicity to second-instar nymphs of aqueous extracts of three different sources of M. azedarch, survival of treated nymphs was signiÞcantly lower than survival of untreated control nymphs. In a second experiment to determine the effect of combined treatments involving extract application and exposure to parasitoids, the number of emerged whiteßies was signiÞcantly higher from control plants than from any of the combined treatments. Successful parasitism was the lowest when adult parasitoids were introduced after dipping second instars in the extract and when whiteßy nymphs were dipped in extract 2 d after parasitism. However, the level of parasitism in parasitized nymphs dipped in extracts 4 and 8 d after parasitism was comparable with that of the control. The number of dead whiteßy nymphs in combined treatments declined as the age of whiteßy nymphs at application increased, with a concomitant increase in successful parasitism. Combined application of plant extract and parasitoids had an additive effect on whiteßy nymphal mortality. In a test of whiteßy oviposition, there was no signiÞcant difference in number of eggs laid on plants treated with extracts and on control plants. However, signiÞcantly fewer whiteßies emerged from eggs laid on treated plants than on control plants, indicating that M. azedarach extracts had affected egg development. Thus, M. azedarach fruit extract and the parasitoid E. rui are compatible and may contribute to lower whiteßy populations in an integrated pest management program.