BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF MID-FLIGHT BODY SEGMENT ACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON HANG-TIME FOR VOLLEYBALL SPIKE JUMPS (original) (raw)
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OPTIMIZATION OF HANG-TIME TECHNIQUE FOR VOLLEYBALL SPIKE JUMPS
In a previous study, we found that hang-time can have potential benefits on athlete performance during volleyball spikes, but hang-time usually comes at a cost of decreased peak height. To address this loss in peak height, we tested whether the trajectories of the " non-performing segments " (legs and non-hitting arm) can be modified to maximize the performance of the hitting arm without affecting the hang-time (defined by vertical motion of the head and trunk). The purpose of this study was to present details of an optimizer to facilitate a wide range of future studies aimed at maximizing performance. Using optimization we predict that for males the peak height of the hitting arm and its sagittal plane velocity at its peak can be increased by 52±11 mm (p<0.001) and 3.0±0.6 m/s (p< 0.001) by modifying the trajectories of the non-hitting and hitting side legs respectively. INTRODUCTION: When athletes are in flight, the only force acting on them is the force of gravity. The center of mass (COM) of the athlete, like any other projectile, will follow a standard parabolic trajectory. If all body segments remain in a fixed configuration during flight (that is, if the body remains in a rigid position), then each of the body segments will follow the same parabolic trajectory. If, however, one or more segments move to follow a lower trajectory, other segments would also change relative position resulting in higher pathways so that their weighted sum, the COM, continues to follow the parabolic trajectory. This is the basic concept, the relative positioning of body segments, that allows athletes to " hang " in the air, or appear to pause their vertical movement near the peak of the jump. Visually, it appears to observers that the laws of physics are violated. However, by manipulating the relative position of limb segments, the athlete's trunk drops and then rises with respect to the whole body COM that is following a predetermined parabolic trajectory, resulting in reduced vertical motion of the athlete's head and trunk. Note that the COM trajectory cannot be affected due to motion of the segments but rather it is the trajectory of head and trunk that changes. The flattened path of the head and trunk is perceived as " hang " (Gupta et al., 2015). In a previous study (preliminary description in Gupta et al., 2015), we studied the mechanisms behind " hang " and how it affects performance. We established that volleyball athletes (n=12) significantly increased (p<0.001) their hang-time when they flexed their knees and then extended them during flight compared to no flexion of the knees during flight. We measured hang-time as the time when the center of mass of the head and trunk combined had a near zero vertical velocity; mathematically, the time when the absolute value of vertical velocity of the center of mass of the head and trunk combined was lower than a threshhold minimum. Extended hang-time was shown to come at a cost of reduced peak height of the head and trunk. A critical finding in that study was that the athletes swung the hitting arm significantly later (p<0.001), with the hitting arm reaching its peak at 58.9% of flight duration when the athletes flexed their knees (and so extended their hang-time) compared to 50.7% flight duration when they did not flex their knees at all during flight. This suggests that athletes can use extra time in the air with a more stable head trajectory to adjust to different sets for the hit or to look at the opponents' defense and make decisions on how and where to hit. These results raise an additional question. Since contacting the ball higher is an advantage in a spike, is there a way to compensate for the potential loss in peak height of the hitting arm during the hang-time? We hypothesize that the motion of the legs and non-hitting arm could be optimized without affecting the motion of body COM or hang-time (the motion of the
Kinematic analysis of volleyball spike jump
International journal of sports medicine, 2009
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of upper and lower extremity movements on the volleyball spike jump (SJ) and how this movement may differ from the standing vertical jumps due to its asymmetry. The 3-D kinematics of body segments were measured in 16 experienced volleyball players with a VICON motion capture system. The jump heights (JH) of counter-movement (CM) and SJ were determined utilizing a force platform. A significant correlation was found between the JH during the SPJ and the maximal horizontal velocity of the center of mass (CoM) (r=0.71, p=0.002), the minimum height of the CoM (r=-0.68, p=0.004), the JH during CMJ (r=0.66, p=0.006) and SJ (r=0.74, p=0.001), the range of movement of right knee flexion-extension (r=0.76, p=0.001) and the angular velocity of left shoulder hyperextension (r=0.72, p=0.002). The asymmetry of the SJ revealed differences in angles, angular velocities of the right and left legs and arms, and a significant difference (p=0.001...
Acta Gymnica
are types of vertical jumps, and constitute the most useable tests for the assessment of the neuromuscular coordination of athletes (Claudino et al., 2017). In addition, CMJ is used for the assessment of the fitness level of injured athletes after rehabilitation periods, and for detecting their fitness to return to play (Clanton, Matheny, Jarvis, & Jeronimus, 2012; Henderson, Barnes, & Portas, 2010; Olsson et al., 2013). Forcetime (F-T) curve variables of CMJ are utilised to assess neuromuscular and biomechanical features related to lower extremity dynamics (Claudino et al., 2017; Kollias et al., 2001). Additionally, vertical jump tests are performed in accordance to various aims, such as the assessment of the developed force and power in elite athletes who participate regularly in competitions (Cormie, McGuigan, & Newton, 2010). McGinnis et al. (2016) have used CMJ to assess the effect of fatigue on performance. Olsson et al. (2013) showed that CMJ and other types of jumps could be used for the assessment and evaluation of athletes' performances, after Achilles tendon tears. Previous research studies have shown that CMJ has an appropriate validity for assessing explosive
Force-time curve variables of countermovement jump as predictors of volleyball spike jump height
German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research
Compliance with ethical guidelines Conflict of interest. J. Sarvestan, Z. Svoboda, and J.G. de Oliveira Claudino declare that they have no competing interests. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case. The approval for this research study was obtained from the ethics committee of Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc (ethics code: 79/2018).
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the potential strength, power, and anthropometric contributors to vertical jump performances that are considered specific to volleyball success: the spike jump (SPJ) and counter-movement vertical jump (CMVJ). To assess the relationship among strength, power, and anthropometric variables with CMVJ and SPJ, a correlation and regression analysis was performed. In addition, a comparison of strength, power, and anthropometric differences between the seven best subjects and the seven worst athletes on the CMVJ test and SPJ test was performed. When expressed as body mass relative measures, moderate correlations (0.53-0.65; p # 0.01) were observed between the 1RM measures and both relative CMVJ and relative SPJ. Very strong correlations were observed between relative (absolute heightstanding reach height) depth jump performance and relative SPJ (0.85; p # 0.01) and relative CMVJ (0.93; p # 0.01). The single best regression model component for relative CMVJ was the relative depth jump performance, explaining 84% of performance. The single best predictor for relative SPJ was also the relative depth jump performance (72% of performance), with the three-component models of relative depth jump, relative CMVJ, spike jump contribution (percent difference between SPJ and CMVJ), and relative CMVJ, spike jump contribution, and peak force, accounting for 96% and 97%, respectively. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that in an elite population of volleyball players, stretch-shortening cycle performance and the ability to tolerate high stretch loads, as in the depth jump, is critical to performance in the jumps associated with volleyball performance.
Biomechanical analysis of volleyball overhead pass
Sports Biomechanics
In volleyball, the overhead pass is an important skill for passing a ball and making a set to attackers. In the present study, we analysed the overhead pass motion and involved muscle activity with special attention to the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). Electromyogram was recorded from the wrist and elbow joint flexors and extensors. The movement period when the ball touched the hand was divided into the pull and push phases with the moment when the ball was at the lowest position. In the pull phase, although the wrists were extended, the activity of wrist flexor muscle was higher than the extensor muscle in both skilled and unskilled groups. And the activity in the wrist flexor muscle in the pull phase was higher in the skilled participants than that of the unskilled participants. Thus, the skilled participants pushed the ball by utilising the SSC of the wrist, while the unskilled participants did this in a less degree. In addition, the kinetic chain was observed from elbow to wrist in the skilled participants. We conclude that it is important for an overhead pass that the wrist flexor muscles accumulate elastic energy during the pull phase which is then released in the push phase.
Negah Institute for Scientific Communication, 2021
Purpose: Frequent and powerful jumps and landings in volleyball exert significant stresses on lower extremities which can be determinant of injury prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the possible correlation between Maximum Jump (MJ) performance and force-time variables of volleyball block landing. Methods: Thirty elite junior volleyball players (Mean±SD of age: 18.140±1.125 y, sports background: 4.390±0.957 y, and height: 197.100±3.161 cm) performed three block jumps, and best of trials was considered for further analysis. The study data were collected by the KISTLER force platform (1000 Hz). Force-time, velocity-time, and displacement-time were obtained using the Excel program. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for assessing data normality and possible correlations between variables using SPSS v. 21 (P<0.05). Results: Peak vertical impact forces were reported in a range of 1.8-3.5 BW (F1, F2) during 27 to 83 ms of peak times (T1, T2). Significant positive correlations were obtained between temporal variables of time of peaks (T1, T2), the time elapsed between peaks (TP), and end of landing time (Tf). A significant negative correlation was found between F2 and T2 and a significant positive correlation between MJ performance with peak vertical forces (F1, F2). Conclusion: According to the findings, T1 has little impact on shock absorption. Coaches and volleyball players should consider the importance of soft landing through increasing T2, which decreases F2, not only for performance improvement but also for reducing injuries.
Aspects of a Three Dimensional Motion Analysis of the Volleyball Spike in High Level Competition
2007
The purpose of the study was a three dimensional motion analysis of the volleyball spike from position four during competition. Spikes were analysed at a tournament of the European league. Regarding the jump technique, only few athletes performed the discussed coordination pattern of the impulses within the body. It may be concluded that there exists reserves within the training process concerning the coordination in the takeoff phase even in high level athletes.
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in countermovement vertical jump performance after a single sport-specific training session in a sample of collegiate female volleyball athletes. Eleven NCAA Division I volleyball athletes performed countermovement vertical jumps with and without an arm swing prior to and immediately after a sport-specific training session. Each participant completed two jumps in each condition using a portable force platform. Paired samples t-tests were performed within each jump condition. When using an arm swing, mean braking force was the only variable to display a statistically significant change (p < 0.05). In the no-arm-swing condition, mean propulsive force, propulsive net impulse, jump height and reactive strength index modified all statistically increased (p < 0.05). Time to takeoff was statistically reduced (p < 0.05). Additionally, a single-subject analysis was performed across all eleven participants resulting in general ...
Effect of an Arm Swing on Countermovement Vertical Jump Performance in Elite Volleyball Players
Journal of Human Kinetics, 2016
The aim of this study was to determine how elite volleyball players employed the arm swing (AS) to enhance their jump performance. The study assessed how the AS influenced the duration and magnitude of the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) during the main phases (preparatory, braking and accelerating) of the countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), the starting position of the body at the beginning of the accelerating phase and the moment when the AS began contributing to increasing the jump height. Eighteen elite volleyball players performed three CMVJs with and without an AS. Kinetics and kinematics data were collected using two Kistler force plates and the C-motion system. The time and force variables were evaluated based on the VGRF, and the position of the body and the trajectory of the arm movement were determined using kinematic analysis. The AS improved the CMVJ by increasing the jump height by 38% relative to jumping without an AS. The AS significantly shortened the brakin...