Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents (original) (raw)
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Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 1998
Despite the noteworthy genotoxic potency of many industrial wastewaters, the genotoxic hazard posed to the downstream ecosystem and its associated biota will be determined by genotoxic loading. Municipal wastewaters, although ranking low in potency, can achieve loading values that are several orders of magnitude greater than those of most industries. Although these wastewaters are generally mixtures of wastes from several different sources, the volumetric proportion of the daily discharge that is of industrial origin rarely exceeds 30%. Genotoxicity calculations for the Montreal Urban Community Ž. Ž Ž. MUC municipal wastewater treatment facility indicate that over 90% of the genotoxic loading 31.1 kg benzo a pyrene. equivalents per day is nonindustrial in origin. Moreover, a mass balance of surface water genotoxicity for St. Lawrence river at Montreal indicates that over 85% of the total contributions from the Montreal region are nonindustrial in origin. Additional calculations for the Great Lakes, and other rivers throughout the world, provide further support of a strong relationship between surface water genotoxicity and population. Despite some information about physicalrchemical properties, the identity of the putative genotoxins in municipal wastewaters and surface waters remains a mystery. Likely candidates include potent genotoxins, such as N-nitroso compounds and aromatic amines, known to be present in human sanitary wastes, as well as genotoxic PAHs known to be present in many municipal wastewaters. Calculations based on Ž. literature data indicate that human sanitary wastes may be able to account for a substantial fraction 4-70% of the nonindustrial loading from municipal wastewaters. Similar calculations suggest that pyrogenic PAHs that enter municipal Ž. wastewaters via surface runoff can only account for a small fraction-5% of the genotoxic loading values discussed.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012
Biomonitoring markers are gaining considerable importance in epidemiological and experimental biology studies to achieve both a measurement and an estimation of biologically active/passive exposure to genotoxic pollutants. A wide range of chemical products known to be acutely toxic is currently used in the agricultural sector, including numerous pesticides with different compositions. People working in the chemical industry producing pesticides, people spraying pesticides and people dedicated to floriculture or agricultural works in general are the subject of specific sections. In the present study we analysed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of pesticides in workers exposed to pesticides by comparing to normal population. The mean mitotic index was higher in pesticide exposed population with 2.029 compared to 5.1 of control samples. SCE's and Cell proliferation kinetics of pesticide exposed population were also statistically significant with mean of 21.194 and 0.321 compared to mean of control samples 5.243 and .04371 respectively.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 1993
Ten soil samples from a hazardous waste site were compared for their genotoxic activity by the Ames test (Salmonella reverse mutation assay) and a modified SOS colorimetric test. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons known to produce frameshift mutations were found in high levels in the soils. Salmonella typhimurium TA98, sensitive to frameshift mutations, was selected CIS the Ames tester strain. Escherichio coli K12 PQ37 (sulA::lacZ) was the SOS tester strain. Organic extracts were prepared from the soil samples by Soxhlet extraction. One set of the soil samples was extracted with methylene chloride and a second set with cyclohexane. Two criteria from reproducible dose-related increases in response to the soil were used to compare the positive responses: 1) the concentrations required for doubling responses and 2) a minimum concentration required to produce statistically significant increases from background controls. Analysis of variance indicated that with S9 mix, Ames and SOS results were similar for the same sails and solvent extractions. However, without S9 mix, the SOS test was significantly more sensitive than the Ames test to the genotoxins extracted from the soils. Both the Ames and SOS tests detected lower concentrations of genotoxins in methylene chloride than in cyclohexane extracts. The simplicity of the method, reduction in expenses, and results within 1 working day all contribute to the advantages of the sos test. @ 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.'
Genotoxicity of refinery waste assessed by some DNA damage tests
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014
Refinery waste effluent is well known to contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and heavy metals as potentially genotoxic substances. The aim of the present study was to assess the genotoxic potential of Mathura refinery wastewater (MRWW) by various in vitro tests including the single cell gel electrophoresis, plasmid nicking assay and S1 nuclease assay. Treatment of human lymphocytes to different MRWW concentrations (0.15 Â , 0.3 Â , 0.5 Â and 0.78 Â ) caused the formation of comets of which the mean tail lengths increased proportionately and differed significantly from those of unexposed controls. The toxic effect of MRWW on DNA was also studied by plasmid nicking assay and S1 nuclease assay. Strand breaks formation in the MRWW treated pBR322 plasmid confirmed its genotoxic effect. Moreover, a dose dependent increase in cleavage of calf thymus DNA in S1 nuclease assay was also suggestive of the DNA damaging potential of MRWW. A higher level of ROS generation in the test water sample was recorded which might be contributing to its genotoxicity. Interaction between the constituents of MRWW and calf thymus DNA was also ascertained by UV-visible spectroscopy.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 1996
We examined the genotoxicity of dichloromethane extracts from 50 final effluent samples collected from 42 industries, including pulp and paper, chemical manufacturing, metal refining, metal surface treatment, and municipal waste water treatment. Ef-0 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Abbreviations: SRIP, SOS response inducing potency (induction factor units per equivalent mg of original sample); GTOX, genotoxic contamination (mg sample equivalent-'); RES-SRIP, SOS response-inducing potency expressed in induction factor units per mg of dichloromethane extractable residue; ppb, parts per billion (ygL-' or ng g-'); FLUOR, extract fluorescence, expressed as ppb BaF' required to produce equivalent fluorescence; TSP, total suspended particulate matter (dry mg per I); BaP, benzo(a)pyrene; IF, SOS induction factor. Genotoxins From Industrial Effluents Allan RJ (1986): "The Role of Particulate Matter in the Fate of Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems.: Identification of potential fish carcinogens in sediment from Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:79-91. Bj0rseth A, Carlberg GE, M l l e r M (1979): Determination of halogenated organic compounds and mutagenicity testing of spent bleach liquors. Sci Total Environ 11:197-211. Black JJ, Baumann PC (1991): Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes. Environ Health Perspect 90:27-33. Brouwer A, Murk AJ, Koeman JH (1990): Biochemical and physiological approaches in ecotoxicology. Funct Ecol 4:275-281. 142, pp 12-23.
Genotoxicity assessment of three industrial effluents using the Allium cepa bioassay
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
The Allium cepa assay was employed, in conjunction with physico-chemical analysis, to investigate the potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three industrial effluents (soap, beverage and paint) from the southeast of Nigeria. For in situ monitoring of cytotoxicity level, inhibition of mitotic division was investigated and for genotoxicity evaluation, chromosomal aberration assay was carried out. The results showed certain sample-constituents of the wastewaters (e.g. pH, turbidity) to be at concentrations beyond the maximum permissible limits required by international regulatory authorities. On the basis of the 72 h effective concentration (72 h EC 50), the paint effluent was the most toxic while the beverage effluent was the least toxic. The mean root lengths of A. cepa exposed to different concentrations of the industrial effluents, when compared to the control, were shown by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to be significantly (p<0.05) concentration dependent. The three industrial effluents were observed to induce chromosomal aberrations, laggards and sticky chromosomes being the most frequently seen. The findings show that a combination of physico-chemical analysis and genotoxicity assay is effective in assessing industrial effluents for the environmental monitoring of pollutants.
Risks of Environmental Genotoxicants
Environmental Health Risk - Hazardous Factors to Living Species, 2016
Humans have throughout their development been exposed to various environmental genotoxicants through food, air, water, and soil. Environmental exposure to genotoxic compounds may induce damage to human health and thereby increase risks of human cancers and other diseases. Environmental genotoxic chemicals have the ability to induce mutations. Such mutations can give rise to cancer in somatic cells. However, when germ cells are affected, the damage can also have an effect on the next and successive generations. Because of the potential health hazard represented by exposure to genotoxic chemicals, it is important that all chemicals for which there is possible human exposure be screened for genotoxic activity. If genotoxic hazard is detected, then the risks of exposure can be assessed and the use of the chemical controlled and when appropriate eliminated from the market and the environment. In this chapter, a general overview of the genotoxicity and the genotoxicity of some environmental genotoxicants are discussed. This is followed by a description of the genotoxic properties of some environmental genotoxicants such as bisphenols and mycotoxins, which are prominent environmental contaminates, and is believed to be genotoxic agents that contribute to the high incidence of carcinogenicity among populations.
Genotoxic evaluation of an industrial effluent from an oil refinery using plant and animal bioassays
Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2010
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are genotoxic chemicals commonly found in effluents from oil refineries. Bioassays using plants and cells cultures can be employed for assessing environmental safety and potential genotoxicity. In this study, the genotoxic potential of an oil refinery effluent was analyzed by means of micronucleus (MN) testing of Alium cepa, which revealed no effect after 24 h of treatment. On the other hand, primary lesions in the DNA of rat (Rattus norvegicus) hepatoma cells (HTC) were observed through comet assaying after only 2 h of exposure. On considering the capacity to detect DNA damage of a different nature and of these cells to metabolize xenobiotics, we suggest the association of the two bioassays with these cell types, plant (Allium cepa) and mammal (HTC) cells, for more accurately assessing genotoxicity in environmental samples.
Heliyon, 2021
Petroleum refinery wastewater combined with domestic sewage were collected from the open channel in the vicinity of Mathura oil refinery, UP (India) and analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for elemental analysis and organic pollutants, respectively. Several potentially toxic and non-toxic elements were found to be present in the wastewater samples. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several organic contaminants including pesticides. Wastewater samples were extracted using amberlite XAD4/8 resins and liquid-liquid extraction procedures using different organic solvents. The extracts were tested for their cyto-genotoxic potential using bacterial (Salmonella mutagenicity test, E. coli K-12 DNA repair defective mutants, Bacteriophage λ assay) and plant (Vigna mungo phytotoxicity test, Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay) systems. A significant increase was observed in the number of revertants of TA97a, TA98 and TA100 strains with the test samples and XAD concentrated samples were found to be more mutagenic than liquid-liquid extracts. Colony forming units (CFUs) of DNA repair defective mutants of E. coli K-12 recA, lexA and polA declined significantly as compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts with the test samples. Significant reduction in plaque forming units (PFUs) of bacteriophage λ was also found on treatment with the solvent extracts. Presence of several toxic pollutants in the wastewater apply prohibitive action on the seed germination process. Germination rate of Vigna mungo seeds as well as radicle and plumule lengths were found to be affected when treated with different concentration of wastewater as compared to control. Present study also indicated concentration dependent reduction in mitotic index of A. cepa i.e., 16.38% at 5% and 9.74% at 100% wastewater and percentage of aberrant cells were highest at 100% effluent. Present findings indicated that mutagenicity/genotoxicity of wastewater is due to the mixture of genotoxins; poses serious hazards to the receiving waterbodies which require continuous monitoring and remedial measures for their improvement.