Involvement of T-Lymphocytes in Periodontal Disease and in Direct and Indirect Induction of Bone Resorption (original) (raw)

2001, Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

Periodontal disease is a peripheral infection involving species of Gram-negative organisms. T-lymphocytes can be found in the dense inflammatory infiltrate in this disease. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are present in periodontal lesions, as are memory/activated T-lymphocytes. In addition, Th Iand Th2-type T-lymphocytes and their associated cytokines with a subtle polarization to Th 1 may be present. Th 1-type T-cells up-regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-cx, which can induce bone resorption indirectly by promoting differentiation of osteoclast precursors and subsequently by activating osteoclasts. Such osteoclast differentiation is dependent on stimulation of osteoprotegerin ligand (OPG-L) production by osteoblastic cells. By contrast, activated T-cells, by virtue of direct production and expression of OPG-L, can directly promote osteoclast differentiation. OPG-L appears to be predominantly expressed on Th I -type cells. The direct and indirect T-cell involvement in periodontal bone resorption appears to be dependent on the degree of Th 1-type T-cell recruitment into inflamed gingival tissues. This T-cell recruitment is regulated by adhesion molecules and chemokines/chemokine receptors. The adhesion molecules involved include cx4 and cx6 integrins, LFA-1, and ICAM-1. The Th I -type T-cells preferentially express CCR5 and CXCR3, which are found prominently in diseased gingivae. By contrast, little CCR4, expressed by Th2-type T-cells, can be detected. Also, the chemokine ligands RANTES, MIPl-cx (both CCR5), and IP-10 (CXCR3 ligand) were elevated in inflamed periodontal tissues. The T-cell features in diseased periodontal tissues can be compared with those in rheumatoid arthritis, wherein bone resorption often attributed to Thl-type T-cell involvement has also been demonstrated. ration of the disease by the administration of the immunosuppressant drugs, cyclosporin A or FK506, in patients (van den Borne et al., 12(2):125 135 (2001) Grit Rev Oral Biol Med 131 131 Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1 2(2):l1 25-1 35 (2001 ) Association of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) with serum antibody responses to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomi-132 Crit Rev Oral Biol Med (2uul) 132 Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12(2):125-135 (2001) toxic effector function. I Immunol 153:2302-231 1. Macatonia SE, Hosken NA, Litton M, Vieira P, Hsieh C-S, 12.2I125-135 (2001) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 133 133 Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 134 Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12(2):125-135 (2001) 12(2)125 155 (2UU1) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 135 135 Crit Rev Oral Biol Med