MODIFIED ELECTRODES USED FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF METAL IONS (MAINLY HEAVY METALS (original) (raw)

Heavy metal contamination in the environment is a major concern worldwide because of the toxicity of these metals and their potential threat to human health (Xia, Zhang, Zhou, Sun, Dong, & Liu, 2010). Heavy metals in environment and in different solutions can be detected electrochemically using modified electrodes at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, grapheme), and modified electrodes conducting polymers(such as chemically modify the surface, doping and copolymerization of conducting polymers).Electrochemical detection of heavy metals such as Lead(Pb +2), Cadmium(Cd +2), Mercury(Hg +2), .etc is required so they are toxic (1, †, 2, & † and Benoit Piro 3, 2015,).Electrochemical detection of Copper(Cu +2) and Lead(Pb +2) is also developed using modified carbon paste electrodes. Electrochemical detection has several advantages over these methods in their simplicity, fast response, and suitability for the preparation of inexpensive and portable instrumentations (Xia, Zhang, Zhou, Sun, Dong, & Liu, 2010). Among various modification approaches, conducting polymers (CPs) have received considerable attention due to their superior electrical conductivities, good adhesion properties and easy preparation.