Bio-oils from pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (original) (raw)
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Characterization of Bio-Oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Frond and Empty Fruit Bunch
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018
As the world's biggest producer of palm oil, 109 million tons of palm frond and 46 million tons of empty fruit bunch (EFB) were produced annually in Indonesia. These two kinds of palm biomass were still in low-application and could be potentially used as future energy resources such as biofuel. One of the promising methods to convert palm frond and EFB into biofuel, as a dense and easy to transport material, is fast pyrolysis. Before pyrolysis, biomass feedstock was characterized their component and elemental compositions, moisture content and higher heating value (HHV). Fast pyrolysis processes were conducted at a temperature of 350˚C using thermal oil heater as a heat carrier. The gas phase from pyrolysis was condensed and produced a dark color and water soluble liquid called bio-oil. As GC-MS data shows, the bio-oil from both feed stocks was dominated by acetic acid, furans, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones. The HHV was reported 12.19 and 26.49 MJ/kg, while water content was 41.
Characterization of Bio-Oil From Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, 2014
Pyrolysis of palm kernel shell in a fixed-bed reactor was studied in this paper. The objectives were to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and particle size on the products yield and to characterize the bio-oil product. In order to get the optimum pyrolysis parameters on bio-oil yield, temperatures of 350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C and particle sizes of 212-300 µm, 300-600 µm, 600µm-1.18 mm and 1.18-2.36 mm under a heating rate of 50 °C min-1 were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield was 38.40% at 450 °C with a heating rate of 50 °C min-1 and a nitrogen sweep gas flow rate of 50 ml min-1. The bio-oil products were analysed by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The FTIR analysis showed that the bio-oil was dominated by oxygenated species. The phenol, phenol, 2-methoxy-and furfural that were identified by GCMS analysis are highly suitable for extraction from the bio-oil as value-added chemicals. The highly oxygenated oils need to be upgraded in order to be used in other applications such as transportation fuels.
Production and detailed characterization of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013
Bio-oil has been produced from palm kernel shell in a fluidized bed reactor. The process conditions were optimized and the detailed characteristics of bio-oil were carried out. The higher feeding rate and higher gas flow rate attributed to higher bio-oil yield. The maximum mass fraction of biomass (57%) converted to bio-oil at 550 C when 2 L min À1 of gas and 10 g min À1 of biomass were fed. The bio-oil produced up to 500 C existed in two distinct phases, while it formed one homogeneous phase when it was produced above 500 C. The higher heating value of bio-oil produced at 550 C was found to be 23.48 MJ kg À1. As GCeMS data shows, the area ratio of phenol is the maximum among the area ratio of identified compounds in 550 C bio-oil. The UVeFluorescence absorption, which is the indication of aromatic content, is also the highest in 550 C bio-oil.
Bio-oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
Journal of Physical Science, 2007
This study is an investigation on fast pyrolysis technology of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) to bio-oil. EFB is one of the solid wastes that are rapidly increasing in the palm oil industry. The composition and particle size distribution of the unwashed feedstock and washed feedstock were determined and its thermal degradation behaviour was analysed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A 150 g/h fluidized bed bench scale fast pyrolysis unit was used to study the impact of key variables: reactor temperature in the range of 425°C to 550°C and feedstock ash content in the range of 1.15 to 5.43 mf wt%. The properties of the liquid product were analysed and compared with wood derived bio-oil and petroleum fuels. It was found that the maximum ash content of washed feedstock that produced homogenous liquids is less than 3 mf wt%. The results of pyrolysis experiments showed that the bio-oil from washed EFB with low ash content had similar properties as wood.
IAEME PUBLICATION, 2013
The basic technique for thephase separation of bio-oil and characterization of the heavy and light oil fractionsusing Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques in order to identify the functional groups present and their compositions were presented. The bio-oil, originally from the pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches, was separated into water soluble (light oil) and water insoluble (heavy oil) components by mixing the bio-oil with water at 2:1 V/V ratio under ambient condition with vigorous stirring using centrifuge for 30mins. The water soluble portion at the top is relatively stable and contains light oily components while the bottom phase is characterized by high viscosity and water insoluble with large molecule oily mixture. FTIR results indicated thatraw bio-oil, heavy oil and light oil fractions consists of a significant number of chemicals ranging from phenol, carboxylic acids, esters, alcohols, ketones etc. The GC-MS results indicated that heavy oil is highly composed of high molecular weight phenol and phenolic components with different groups while the light oil fraction consists of mostly alkenes, acetic acids, sugars and low molecular lignin. The utilization of biomass pyrolytic oil for chemicals would significantly assist in acquiring sustainable and environmental friendly value added chemicals for industrial applications.
Evaluation of Oil Palm Biomass Potential for Bio-oil Production via Pyrolysis Processes
2020
The yield and quality of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis processes depends on many factors, including pyrolysis types, reactor types, operating conditions and biomass property. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the potential of oil palm biomass, including oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), oil palm decanter (DC) and oil palm root (OPR) for producing bio-oil via pyrolysis processes. The potential of oil palm biomass was considered in terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating value, equivalent heating value, Thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and lignocellulose content. The results showed that the moisture content of fried samples was in the range of 7.5-10.7% (w.b), which was relatively low and appropriate for pyrolysis. The volatile content of OPT and OPF was higher than 72% (wt.). The carbon, oxygen and hydrogen content of oil palm samples were in the range of 41.5-45.6, 30.7-40.2 and 5.7-5.9% (wt.), respectively. The higher heating value (H...
Characterization of Palm Shell-Derived Bio-Oil Through Pyrolysis
Journal of applied agricultural science and technology, 2022
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource used to produce energy, fuels, and chemicals. This study aimed to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on product yield and product characterization of bio-oil. In this study, palm shells were selected and prepared as raw materials for bio-oil production. Palm shells were first soaked in 10% HCl and then pyrolyzed at temperatures of 300 o C, 350 o C, 400 o C, and 450 o C in a fixed bed reactor. Afterward, the reactor will emit smoke which later will condense into bio-oil. The experimental results show that a temperature of 450 o C will be a better choice for higher bio-oil yields (44.59%). The characteristics of the bio-oil obtained are density (905-1015.17 kg/m 3), Kinematic Viscosity (1.21-1.5 mm 2 /s), and flash point (60-68.7 o C).
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2018
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of particle size, pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the pyrolysis of locally sourced palm kernel shells and to characterize the biooil products. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at pyrolysis temperatures between 350°C and 550°C and particles sizes of 1.18 mm, 2.36 mm and 5 mm for a residence time not greater than 120 min. The maximum bio-oil yield was 38.67 wt% at 450°C for a feed particle size of 1.18 mm with a residence time of 95 min. It was observed that the percentage of liquid collection was 28% of the total biomass feed for particle size of 1.18 mm. In terms of the effect of temperature, the lowest bio-oil yield was 28% of the total biomass feed at temperature of 550°C. For the variation in residence time and the associated effects, the maximum liquid product was 38.67 wt% of biomass feed, at a particle size of 1.18 mm for 95 min. As observed, the optimum residence time was 95 min as times either side led to a decrease in the liquid yield. The bio-oil products were analysed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The FTIR analysis showed that the bio-oil was dominated by phenol and its derivatives. The phenol (38.44%), 2-methoxy-phenol (17.34%) and 2, 6-dimethoxy phenol (8.65%) that were identified by GC-MS analyses are highly suitable for extraction from bio-oil as value-added chemicals. The highly oxygenated oils can therefore be upgraded in order to be used in other applications such as transportation fuels.
Utilization of oil palm tree residues to produce bio-oil and bio-char via pyrolysis
Energy Conversion and Management, 2013
Oil palm tree residues are a rich biomass resource in Malaysia, and it is therefore very important that they be utilized for more beneficial purposes, particularly in the context of the development of biofuels. This paper described the possibility of utilizing oil palm tree residues as biofuels by producing bio-oil and bio-char via pyrolysis. The process was performed in a fixed-bed reactor at a temperature of 500°C, a nitrogen flow rate of 2 L/min and a reaction time of 60 min. The physical and chemical properties of the products, which are important for biofuel testing, were then characterized. The results showed that the yields of the bio-oil and bio-char obtained from different residues varied within the ranges of 16.58-43.50 wt% and 28.63-36.75 wt%, respectively. The variations in the yields resulted from differences in the relative amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, volatiles, fixed carbon, and ash in the samples. The energy density of the bio-char was found to be higher than that of the bio-oil. The highest energy density of the bio-char was obtained from a palm leaf sample (23.32 MJ/kg), while that of the bio-oil was obtained from a frond sample (15.41 MJ/kg).
Characterisation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Fuel Application
Journal of Physical Therapy Science
This study was an attempt to produce bio-oil from empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm waste using fast pyrolysis technology. A 150 g/h fluidised bed bench scale fast pyrolysis unit operating at atmospheric pressure was used to obtain the pyrolysis liquid. A comparison of the elemental composition of unwashed and washed feedstock was made in this study. With the five methods of treatment being considered, elements such as Al, P, Cl, Ti, Fe and Cu were removed during the washing. However, Na, S and K decreased with the reduction of the ash content of the feedstock. The properties of the liquid product were analysed and compared with wood derived bio-oil and petroleum fuels. The liquids produced had high acid content, with a High Heating Value (HHV) of about 50% of conventional petroleum fuel. The char content was in the range of 0.2–2.0%. The composition and particle size distribution of the washed and unwashed feedstock were determined, and the thermal degradation behaviour was ana...