Gestational diabetes (original) (raw)
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European Journal of Endocrinology, 2012
Objective: The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently proposed new criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We compared prevalence rates, risk factors, and the effect of ethnicity using the World Health Organization (WHO) and modified IADPSG criteria. Methods: This was a population-based cohort study of 823 (74% of eligible) healthy pregnant women, of whom 59% were from ethnic minorities. Universal screening was performed at 28G2 weeks of gestation with the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Venous plasma glucose (PG) was measured on site. GDM was diagnosed as per the definition of WHO criteria as fasting PG (FPG) R7.0 or 2-h PG R7.8 mmol/l; and as per the modified IADPSG criteria as FPG R5.1 or 2-h PG R8.5 mmol/l. Results: OGTT was performed in 759 women. Crude GDM prevalence was 13.0% with WHO (Western Europeans 11%, ethnic minorities 15%, PZ0.14) and 31.5% with modified IADPSG criteria (Western Europeans 24%, ethnic minorities 37%, P! 0.001). Using the WHO criteria, ethnic minority origin was an independent predictor (South Asians, odds ratio (OR) 2.24 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-3.97); Middle Easterners, OR 2.13 (1.12-4.08)) after adjustments for age, parity, and prepregnant body mass index (BMI). This increased OR was unapparent after further adjustments for body height (proxy for early life socioeconomic status), education and family history of diabetes. Using the modified IADPSG criteria, prepregnant BMI (1.09 (1.05-1.13)) and ethnic minority origin (South Asians, 2.54 (1.56-4.13)) were independent predictors, while education, body height and family history had little impact. Conclusion: GDM prevalence was overall 2.4-times higher with the modified IADPSG criteria compared with the WHO criteria. The new criteria identified many subjects with a relatively mild increase in FPG, strongly associated with South Asian origin and prepregnant overweight.
The impact of ethnicity on glucose homeostasis after gestational diabetes mellitus
Acta Diabetologica, 2013
The objective of this study was to examine measures of insulin resistance and beta cell function in relation to ethnicity and the development of diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Glucose homeostasis was assessed during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test 1-2 years after delivery in 456 women with previous GDM (362 European, 94 non-European; including 41 Arab and 43 Asian women) and 133 control women. Insulin resistance was estimated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The insulinogenic index (I/G30) and the disposition index [(I/G30)/HOMA-IR] were used to quantify insulin secretion. Women developing diabetes after GDM were characterized by increased HOMA-IR [p = 0.010, adjusted for body mass index (BMI)], whereas the disposition index was decreased in all women with previous GDM irrespective of glucose tolerance, most pronounced in the presence of diabetes (BMI-adjusted p = 1 9 10-5). Non-European origin was associated with increased HOMA-IR (p = 0.001 vs. European), strengthened by adjustment for BMI in Asian women (p = 0.046 vs. p = 0.016), but eradicated among Arab women (p = 0.004 vs. p = 0.65). Non-European women exhibited an increased frequency of diabetes after GDM (17 % vs. European 4 %, p = 2 9 10-5). In addition to BMI, non-European and Asian origin was associated with the development of diabetes after GDM in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, whereas Arab origin was not. Our results highlight the importance of preventive measures to ensure a healthy lifestyle in women with GDM, particularly in high-risk ethnic groups. Keywords Beta cell dysfunction Á Ethnicity Á Gestational diabetes mellitus Á Insulin resistance Á OGTT Á Postpartum diabetes Communicated by Guido Pozza.
Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism, 2018
The worldwide prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is increasing day by day. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of ethnic and geographical distribution on the risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in women with history of GDM. This review was conducted to find out the role of ethnic and geographical distribution on the risk of developing DM is women with GDM. Areas covered: In this review we conducted a comprehensive search of published studies through different electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, CINAHL plus and EMBASE) published between 1990 and 2017. The studies which were published in English investigated the risk of development of DM in women with previous history of GDM, reported outcome according to ethnicity with specific criteria of reporting DM and GDM, reported development of diabetes after 6 month of delivery in women with GDM during pregnancy were included. Initially, 350 articles were identified, among which 16 art...
Diabetes Care, 2023
OBJECTIVE Racial/ethnic-specific estimates of the influence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on type 2 diabetes remain underexplored in large population-based cohorts. We estimated racial/ethnic differences in the influence of GDM on diabetes risk and glycemic control in a multiethnic, population-based cohort of postpartum women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Hospital discharge and vital registry data for New York City (NYC) births between 2009 and 2011 were linked with NYC A1C Registry data between 2009 and 2017. Women with baseline diabetes (n = 2,810) were excluded for a final birth cohort of 336,276. GDM on time to diabetes onset (two A1C tests of ≥6.5% from 12 weeks postpartum onward) or glucose control (first test of A1C <7.0% following diagnosis) was assessed using Cox regression with a time-varying exposure. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors and stratified by race/ethnicity. RESULTS The cumulative incidence for diabetes was 11.8% and 0.6% among women with and without GDM, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of GDM status on diabetes risk was 11.5 (95% CI 10.8, 12.3) overall, with slight differences by race/ethnicity. GDM was associated with a lower likelihood of glycemic control (aHR 0.85; 95% CI 0.79, 0.92), with the largest negative influence among Black (aHR 0.77; 95% CI 0.68, 0.88) and Hispanic (aHR 0.84; 95% CI 0.74, 0.95) women. Adjustment for screening bias and loss to follow-up modestly attenuated racial/ethnic differences in diabetes risk but had little influence on glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS Understanding racial/ethnic differences in the influence of GDM on diabetes progression is critical to disrupt life course cardiometabolic disparities.
Diabetologia, 2006
Aims/hypothesis: We assessed the impact of ethnic origin on metabolism in women following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methods: Glucose regulation and other features of the metabolic syndrome were studied at 20.0 (18.2-22.1) months (geometric mean [95% CI]) post-partum in women with previous GDM (185 European, 103 Asian-Indian, 80 African-Caribbean). They were compared with the same features in 482 normal control subjects who had normal glucose regulation during and following pregnancy. Results: Impaired glucose regulation or diabetes by WHO criteria were present in 37% of women with previous GDM (diabetes in 17%), especially in those of African-Caribbean and Asian-Indian origin (50 and 44%, respectively vs 28% in European, p=0.009). BMI, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, fasting triglyceride and insulin levels, and insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), were increased following GDM (p<0.001 for all, vs control subjects).
HORMONES, 2007
ObJEctIVE: to characterise early metabolic abnormalities and the impact of ethnicity following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). DEsIGN: Women with a history of GDM belonging to three different ethnic groups were evaluated. Using the insulin-modified, frequently-sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FsIVGtt) and HOMA we studied 34 European, 16 south Asian and 10 Afro-caribbean women with normal fasting glucose following GDM and 44 European, 16 south Asian and 19 Afro-caribbean controls to assess insulin action and secretion. rEsULts: European post-GDM women had lower insulin sensitivity by FsIVGtt [0.6 (0.1-5.1) vs 1.5 (0.8-2.8) x10-4 •min-1 •pmol-1 •l-1 , p=0.010, adjusted for bMI p=0.054] and by HOMA [72(22-235) vs 153(55-421)%, p=0.004, adjusted for BMI p=0.006], and reduced β-cell function [lower disposition index 0.05(0.01-0.40) vs 0.11(0.05-0.25)min-1 , p=0.017] compared with controls. South Asian post-GDM women had decreased β-cell function [lower HOMA (%B) (73 (37-147) vs 124 (59-262) %, p=0.048 and acute insulin response to glucose (463 (131-1639) vs 1039 (393-2748) pmol/l h, p=0.052] than controls. Afro-caribbean post-GDM women had lower glucose disappearance rate [1.3(0.6-2.8) vs 2.6 (1.8-3.8) 10-2 /min, p=0.003] than controls, suggesting subtle glucose intolerance. cONcLUsIONs: Women with a history of GDM of three different ethnic groups, even in the presence of normal fasting glucose, display a range of metabolic abnormalities, including β-cell dysfunction with variable insulin resistance. These derangements may be influenced by ethnicity.
ISRN endocrinology, 2012
As the worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to rise at an alarming rate, the search for susceptible populations likely to benefit from preventative measures becomes more important. One such population is women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In this prospective study of 101 women who had GDM in Australia, ethnicity was a major risk factor for the development of diabetes following a diagnosis of GDM. With a mean followup of 5.5 years after GDM, South Asian women had a significantly higher risk of developing abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) (69%) than women of all other ethnicities (P < 0.05). The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance was also very high amongst other groups: South East and East Asian (11/27, 41%), Middle-Eastern (8/18, 44%), South European backgrounds (5/12, 42%), and Australian-born women 39% (11/28). A review of the literature supports the role of ethnicity in the development of diabetes amongst these w...
International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on two sets of criteria, namely the old criteria suggested in 2009 by the American Diabetes Association and new criteria of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group. We also evaluated the predictive power of the risk factors of GDM. Methods: Pregnant women from three outpatient clinics in Tehran, Iran, participated in this cross-sectional observational study. During the first perinatal visit, demographic data, medical histories, weight, and height of mothers were recorded. The mother's fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured. An oral glucose tolerance test was also performed. The prevalence of GDM, based on the two criteria, was estimated and its predictive factors were investigated. Results: Of 1,117 pregnant women, 156 (15.6%) and 71 (7.1%) patients had GDM based on the new and old criteria, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that older age at pregnancy (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.006-1.107; P = 0.03), higher body mass index (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.15-1.3; P < 0.001), family history of diabetes (OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.11-3.5; P = 0.02), and history of macrosomia (OR = 7.8; 95% CI: 1.96-30.9; P = 0.004) were independent predictive factors for GDM. Conclusions: Using the new criteria, the prevalence of GDM increases by 2.2 folds compared to the old criteria. Several factors can independently predict the occurrence of GDM.
Diabetes Care, 1997
OBJECTIVE To estimate the rate of deterioration of glucose tolerance and evaluate risk factors for development of NIDDM in Navajo women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of 111 GDM deliveries over a 4-year period, 1983–1987, was conducted in 1994 to determine glucose tolerance status. Patients who had not developed NIDDM were recalled for a 2-h glucose tolerance test (GTT). Tested and non-tested patients were compared, as estimate of conversion to NIDDM was calculated, and risk factors for NIDDM were evaluated. A life-table analysis was developed to estimate the probability of NIDDM after GDM. RESULTS At the time of chart review, 32 patients (29%) had already been diagnosed with NIDDM. Of the patients, 79 were offered GTT testing, and 56 (71%) returned for follow-up; 15 were diagnosed with NIDDM and 17 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); 47 (42%) and 64 (58%) patients in the cohort had developed NIDDM or NI...