Systematic Review of Digital Imaging Screening Strategies for Retinopathy of Prematurity: In Reply (original) (raw)
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Systematic review of digital imaging screening strategies for retinopathy of prematurity
2008
BACKGROUND-Retinal imaging with remote interpretation could decrease the number of diagnostic eye examinations that premature infants need for the detection of retinopathy of prematurity and thus decrease the time demand on the relatively small pool of ophthalmologists who perform retinopathy of prematurity examinations. OBJECTIVE-Our goal was to review systematically the evidence regarding the reliability, validity, safety, costs, and benefits of retinal imaging to screen infants who are at risk for retinopathy of prematurity. METHODS-We searched Medline, the Cochrane library, CINAHL, and the bibliographies of all relevant articles. All English-language studies regardless of design with primary data about our study questions were included. We excluded (1) studies that only included subjects with retinopathy of prematurity, (2) hypothetical models other than cost-effectiveness studies, and (3) validity studies without sufficient data to determine prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity or that only evaluated subjects for 1 component of retinopathy of prematurity (eg, plus disease only). RESULTS-Studies of only 1 retinal imaging device (RetCam [Clarity Medical Systems, Inc, Pleasanton, CA]) met the inclusion criteria. There was a wide range in reported sensitivity, but specificity was high. There were several important limitations noted, including the eye as the unit of analysis instead of the individual or variations in the criteria for determining a true-positive or truenegative screening result. The risk of retinal hemorrhage resulting from imaging is low, and systemic effects (eg, bradycardia, hypertension, decreased oxygen saturation) are mild. No generalizable costeffectiveness data were found. CONCLUSIONS-The evidence base is not sufficient to recommend that retinal imaging be routinely adopted by NICUs to identify infants who have serious retinopathy of prematurity.
JAMA ophthalmology, 2016
As effective treatments for potentially blinding retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) have been introduced, the importance of consistency in findings has increased, especially with the shift toward retinal imaging in infants at risk of ROP. To characterize discrepancies in findings of ROP between digital retinal image grading and examination results from the Telemedicine Approaches to Evaluating Acute-Phase Retinopathy of Prematurity study, conducted from May 2011 to October 2013. A poststudy consensus review of images was conducted by 4 experts, who examined discrepancies in findings between image grades by trained nonphysician readers and physician examination results in infants with referral-warranted ROP (RW-ROP). Images were obtained from 13 North American neonatal intensive care units from eyes of infants with birth weights less than 1251 g. For discrepancy categories with more than 100 cases, 40 were randomly selected; in total, 188 image sets were reviewed. Consensus evaluation ...
Validity of a Telemedicine System for the Evaluation of Acute-Phase Retinopathy of Prematurity
JAMA Ophthalmology, 2014
The present strategy to identify infants needing treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requires repeated examinations of at-risk infants by physicians. However, less than 10% ultimately require treatment. Retinal imaging by nonphysicians with remote image interpretation by nonphysicians may provide a more efficient strategy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity of a telemedicine system to identify infants who have sufficiently severe ROP to require evaluation by an ophthalmologist. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An observational study of premature infants starting at 32 weeks' postmenstrual age was conducted. This study involved 1257 infants with birth weight less than 1251 g in neonatal intensive care units in 13 North American centers enrolled from May 25, 2011, through October 31, 2013. INTERVENTIONS Infants underwent regularly scheduled diagnostic examinations by an ophthalmologist and digital imaging by nonphysician staff using a wide-field digital camera. Ophthalmologists documented findings consistent with referral-warranted (RW) ROP (ie, zone I ROP, stage 3 ROP or worse, or plus disease). A standard 6-image set per eye was sent to a central server and graded by 2 trained, masked, nonphysician readers. A reading supervisor adjudicated disagreements. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The validity of grading retinal image sets was based on the sensitivity and specificity for detecting RW-ROP compared with the criterion standard diagnostic examination. RESULTS A total of 1257 infants (mean birth weight, 864 g; mean gestational age, 27 weeks) underwent a median of 3 sessions of examinations and imaging. Diagnostic examination identified characteristics of RW-ROP in 18.2% of eyes (19.4% of infants). Remote grading of images of an eye at a single session had sensitivity of 81.9% (95% CI, 77.4-85.6) and specificity of 90.1% (95% CI, 87.9-91.8). When both eyes were considered for the presence of RW-ROP, as would routinely be done in a screening, the sensitivity was 90.0% (95% CI, 85.4-93.5), with specificity of 87.0% (95% CI, 84.0-89.5), negative predictive value of 97.3%, and positive predictive value of 62.5% at the observed RW-ROP rate of 19.4%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE When compared with the criterion standard diagnostic examination, these results provide strong support for the validity of remote evaluation by trained nonphysician readers of digital retinal images taken by trained nonphysician imagers from infants at risk for RW-ROP. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01264276
A Comparison of Strategies for Retinopathy of Prematurity Detection
Pediatrics, 2016
Delayed detection of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) can lead to permanent visual impairment. Providing ROP examinations is challenging because of the limited ophthalmology workforce. This study compares digital imaging-based ROP detection strategies versus serial ROP examinations. We conducted an individual-level microsimulation studyof a hypothetical cohort of 650 infants with gestational age from 23 to 30 weeks. Infants were evaluated by using strategies based on indirect ophthalmoscopy or digital imaging beginning at 32 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) and continuing to discharge, transfer, or 40 weeks' PMA. ROP status and the accuracy of digital imaging were based on the e-ROP (Telemedicine Approaches to Evaluating Acute-Phase ROP) study, which enrolled high-risk infants. Within the hypothetical NICU, the strategy of ROP examinations identified an average of 45.8 cases of type 1 ROP by discharge, transfer, or 40 weeks' PMA, and another 1.9 cases were included ...
The Challenge of Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Clinics in Perinatology, 2013
Retinopathy of prematurity screening Screening guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity Telemedicine Retinopathy of prematurity KEY POINTS A comprehensive guideline framework for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening is presented, in the hope that the approach is applicable to all countries, though requiring country-specific amendments. Telemedicine offers a solution to many of the current geographic and resource problems currently preventing a comprehensive ROP screening program throughout the world. Future add-ons to telemedicine such as weight-gain algorithms twinned with quantified vessel analysis could provide automated screening, and this may be a cost-effective solution to the current screening challenge of manpower.
Telemedical diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity: accuracy of expert versus non-expert graders
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009
Background/Aims-To assess accuracy of telemedical retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) diagnosis by trained non-expert graders compared to expert graders. Methods-248 eye examinations from 67 consecutive infants were captured using wide-angle retinal photography (RetCam-II, Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasanton, CA). Non-expert graders attended two hour-long training sessions on image-based ROP diagnosis. Using a web-based telemedicine system, 14 non-expert and 3 expert graders provided a diagnosis for each eye: no ROP, mild ROP, type-2 prethreshold ROP, or treatment-requiring ROP. All diagnoses were compared to a reference standard of dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy by an experienced pediatric ophthalmologist. Results-For detection of type-2 or worse ROP, the mean (range) sensitivities and specificities were 0.95 (0.94-0.97) and 0.93 (0.91-0.96) for experts, 0.87 (0.71-0.97) and 0.73 (0.39-0.95) for resident non-experts, and 0.73 (0.41-0.88) and 0.91 (0.84-0.96) for student non-experts. For detection of treatment-requiring ROP, the mean (range) sensitivities and specificities were 1.00
Towards a universal approach for screening of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
Documenta Ophthalmologica, 1996
To improve the cost-benefit ratio of our current screening program for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the records of 312 infants who had been screened for ROP were studied retrospectively. Using a safety-index containing three well known risk factors (birthweight, gestational age, oxygen use), infants were classified to be at high risk or low risk for the development of ROE When all high risk infants would have been screened extensively from the 5 th postnatal week onwards and all low risk infants would have been screened once at the 7 th postnatal week, a 9.8% reduction of ophthalmological examinations would have been obtained at the expense of missing 2.9% of non vision threatening ROE
Evaluation of Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity by ROPtool or a Lay Reader
Ophthalmology, 2015
To determine if (1) tortuosity assessment by a computer program (ROPtool, developed at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, and licensed by FocusROP) that traces retinal blood vessels and (2) assessment by a lay reader are comparable with assessment by a panel of 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) experts for remote clinical grading of vascular abnormalities such as plus disease. Validity and reliability analysis of diagnostic tools. Three hundred thirty-five fundus images of prematurely born infants. Three hundred thirty-five fundus images of prematurely born infants were obtained by neonatal intensive care unit nurses. A panel of 3 ROP experts graded 84 images showing vascular dilatation, tortuosity, or both and 251 images showing no evidence of vascular abnormalities. These images were sent electronically to an experienced lay reader who independently graded them for vascular abnormalities. The images also were analyzed using the ROPtool, which assi...