Neuromuscular responses of elite skaters during different roller figure skating jumps (original) (raw)
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Journal of Human Kinetics, 2021
Safe and proper landings are crucial elements of gymnastics events. Long-term training leads to specific neuromuscular adaptations which are yet to be explored in terms of gymnastic landings. The aim of the study was to assess differences in landings’ neuromuscular characteristics between gymnasts at three subsequent gymnastic training stages and age-matched non-athletes. Forty-six gymnasts (G) and 58 controls (C) performed countermovement jumps on a force plate with simultaneous surface electromyography (SEMG) of lower body muscles, measured during the pre-(100 ms) and post-landing phase (0-100 and 0-200 ms). Three age groups participated in the study: 8–10 (G1, C1), 12–14 (G2, C2), 18–25 (G3, C3) years. Analysis included the normalized root mean square (NRMS) SEMG signal and ground reaction forces (GRFs). Gymnasts achieved 13% higher values (p = 0.04) of relative peak GRFs in comparison with controls. It was especially seen in 8–10-year-olds: G1 presented 33% higher (p = 0.03) res...
THE IMPACT OF CORE TRAINING IN FIGURE SKATING ON THE LOWER EXTREMITY KINEMATICS OF LOOP AND TOE LOOP JUMPS, 2017
This study aims to investigate the impact of core training performed by figure skaters on the lower extremity kinematics of loop and toe loop jumps. Eight-figure skaters from the age group of 10-15 have participated in the study. The loop and toe loop jumps of participants were recorded by two Basler 100 Hz. cameras. 8,5,7. Simi motion analysis program was used for the analysis of movements. The calibration of the area was done by using the DLT method. The knee angle at the beginning of a movement, the knee angle after the jump and horizontal jump distance were taken into consideration. The participants have gone through one-hour core training three days per week, for a total eight weeks. The measurements were repeated after each training and pre- and post-training data were compared by Wilcoxon test in SPSS 20.0 package program. Results show that the exit angle and exit distance of the loop jump have decreased after training (p < 0,05). The movement made by narrower knee angle appeared to support the increase in the vertical jump, rather than horizontal jump. Therefore the use of core training in land-based training has a positive impact, especially in hitless jumps.
Motor unit firing frequency of lower limb muscles during an incremental slide board skating test
Sports Biomechanics, 2017
This study investigated how the combination of workload and fatigue affected the frequency components of muscle activation and possible recruitment priority of motor units during skating to exhaustion. Ten male competitive speed skaters performed an incremental maximal test on a slide board. Activation of six muscles from the right leg was recorded throughout the test. A time-frequency analysis was performed to compute overall, high, and low frequency bands from the whole signal at 10, 40, 70, and 90% of total test time. Overall activation increased for all muscles throughout the test (p < 0.05 and ES > 0.80). There was an increase in low frequency (90% vs 10%, p = 0.035, ES = 1.06) and a decrease in high frequency (90% vs 10%, p = 0.009, ES = 1.38, and 90% vs 40%, p = 0.025, ES = 1.12) components of gluteus maximus. Strong correlations were found between the maximal cadence and vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius activation at the end of the test. In conclusion, the incremental skating test lead to an increase in activation of lower limb muscles, but only gluteus maximus was sensitive to changes in frequency components, probably caused by a pronounced fatigue. Word count: 199.
The effects of the arm swing on biomechanical and physiological aspects of roller ski skating
Human Movement Science, 2014
This study analyzed the biomechanical and physiological effects of the arm swing in roller ski skating, and compared leg-skating (i.e. ski skating without poles) using a pronounced arm swing (SWING) with leg-skating using locked arms (LOCKED). Sixteen elite male cross-country skiers performed submaximal stages at 10, 15 and 20 km h À1 on a 2% inclined treadmill in the two techniques. SWING demonstrated higher peak push-off forces and a higher force impulse at all speeds, but a longer cycle length only at the highest speed (all P < .05), indicating a lower force effectiveness with SWING at the two lowest speeds. Additionally, the flexion-extension movement in the lower limbs was more pronounced for SWING. Oxygen uptake was higher for SWING at the two lowest speeds (both P < .05) without any differences in blood lactate. At the highest speed, oxygen uptake did not differ between SWING and LOCKED, but the RER, blood lactate and ventilation were lower with SWING (all P < .05). Taken together, these results demonstrate that utilizing the arm swing in roller ski skating increases the ski forces and aerobic energy cost at low and moderate speeds, whereas the greater forces at high speed lead to a longer cycle length and smaller anaerobic contribution.
Combined sensorimotor and resistance training for young short track speed skaters: A case study
2010
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a combined sensorimotor -resistance training on muscle strength and neuromuscular activation of selective muscles of the right ankle joint. Both treatments were performed successively in each training session. Seven short track speed skaters participated in the study. The training was performed twice a week for 12 weeks. Maximum peak torque during inversion/eversion, the associated neuromuscular activation of soleus and peroneus longus as well as eversion/inversion ratio were measured in a pre-and post-test, respectively. After the training the athletes revealed a significantly increased maximum peak torque during inversion (17.47 ± 4.37N · m vs. 23.57 ± 3.58N · m; p = 0.006) associated with a significantly increased root mean square of the EMG signal in the soleus (12.42 ± 6.09mV vs. 24.00 ± 9.37mV; p = 0.009). The eversion/inversion ratio was significantly decreased after training (0.96 ± 0.12 vs. 0.77 ± 0.11; p = 0.034). Eversion training adaptations were lower than inversion training adaptations probably due to the fact that resistance training did not contain an exercise for peroneus longus. Based on these the combined sensorimotor-resistance training is an attractive option for athletes where maximum strength, active joint stabilization and postural control plays a decisive role.
Testing for jumping power in figure skaters
1994
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Coordination of leg muscles during speed skating
Journal of Biomechanics, 1991
Five speed skaters of elite performance level and six speed skaters of trained level were subjected to an inverse dynamical analysis during speed skating. Push-off forces were registered by means of special skates. Myoelectric activity (EMG) of ten leg muscles and cinematographic data were recorded. Linked segment modelling yielded net joint moments and joint powers. The speed skating technique is characterized by a typical horizontal position of the trunk and a suppression of a plantar flexion during the push-off. This technique, necessary to reduce external friction, constrains the transfer of rotation in joints to translation of the mass center of the body. In spite of constrained push-off, the EMG levels of the leg muscles show a proximo4istal temporal order which to a certain extent is comparable to that previously found in an unconstrained vertical jump. This proximodistal sequence is also reflected by the time courses of the net moment and net power output in hip, knee and ankle joints. The temporal sequence in activation levels of activated muscles is not different between elite and trained speed skaters. The difference in performance level between these groups obviously has an origin in the ability of the elite speed skaters to realise larger net joint moments. Differences in net joint moments and in kinematics result in a higher power output and a lower air frictional force for the elite than for the trained speed skaters.
The Comparative Analysis of Free Technique Cross Country and Skating on Roller Skies
Studia sportiva
The skiing is a very old human locomotion on the snow. During the last century, it has became very popular winter and Olympic sport, currently profiting from its great popularity among the public. New cross country skiing technique – skating – has been developing very dynamically since the eighties years of the 20th century. This presented study deals with a comparison of muscles activation during skating technique on skis and on roller skis. We studied three base styles of skating: V-1 on right and left side and V-2. The beginnings of important activation of the muscles on a right leg and their subsequent deactivation during one step cycle were measured with surface electromyography (SEMG). The results confirm the idea that we can consider roller skiing as a special training device of cross country skiing. This is correct from the kinetic view as well as from the connection of muscles. The biggest differences in phase shifts of muscle unit activation were found between V-1 on left ...
Human movement science, 2015
Here, we tested the hypothesis that aerobic energy expenditure (AEE) is higher during a simulated 6-km (2 loops of 3-km each) "skiathlon" than during skating only on a treadmill and attempted to link any such increase to biomechanical and neuromuscular responses. Six elite male cross-country skiers performed two pre-testing time-trials (TT) to determine their best performances and to choose an appropriate submaximal speed for collection of physiological, biomechanical and neuromuscular data during two experimental sessions (exp). Each skier used, in randomized order, either the classical (CL) or skating technique (SK) for the first 3-km loop, followed by transition to the skating technique for the second 3-km loop. Respiratory parameters were recorded continuously. The EMG activity of the triceps brachii (TBr) and vastus lateralis (VLa) muscles during isometric contractions performed when the skiers were stationary (i.e., just before the first loop, during the transition, ...