How People Talk with Robots: Designing Dialog to Reduce User Uncertainty (original) (raw)
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User Experience in Human-Robot Interactions
4th International Workshop on Perceptual Quality of Systems (PQS 2013)
This paper describes our experiments concerning human-robot interaction and its evaluation in order to measure the user's communication experience with the robot. We assume that the user's evaluation of the interaction reflects their participation in the interaction as a participant, and correlates with their own multimodal signaling as well as with their perception of the robot's communicative capability. The work contributes to evaluation methodology of intelligent situated agents, as we explore the role and effect of the user's own activity in successful communication experience, and ultimately in their evaluation of interactive systems, instead of focusing solely on task completion. This also adds to our understanding of how the interlocutors perceive interaction, and of the important cognitive processes that underlie communication experience in general.
Previous Experience Matters: An in-Person Investigation of Expectations in Human–Robot Interaction
International journal of social robotics, 2024
The human-robot interaction (HRI) field goes beyond the mere technical aspects of developing robots, often investigating how humans perceive robots. Human perceptions and behavior are determined, in part, by expectations. Given the impact of expectations on behavior, it is important to understand what expectations individuals bring into HRI settings and how those expectations may affect their interactions with the robot over time. For many people, social robots are not a common part of their experiences, thus any expectations they have of social robots are likely shaped by other sources. As a result, individual expectations coming into HRI settings may be highly variable. Although there has been some recent interest in expectations within the field, there is an overall lack of empirical investigation into its impacts on HRI, especially in-person robot interactions. To this end, a within-subject in-person study (N = 31) was performed where participants were instructed to engage in open conversation with the social robot Pepper during two 2.5 min sessions. The robot was equipped with a custom dialogue system based on the GPT-3 large language model, allowing autonomous responses to verbal input. Participants' affective changes towards the robot were assessed using three questionnaires, NARS, RAS, commonly used in HRI studies, and Closeness, based on the IOS scale. In addition to the three standard questionnaires, a custom question was administered to capture participants' views on robot capabilities. All measures were collected three times, before the interaction with the robot, after the first interaction with the robot, and after the second interaction with the robot. Results revealed that participants to large degrees stayed with the expectations they had coming into the study, and in contrast to our hypothesis, none of the measured scales moved towards a common mean. Moreover, previous experience with robots was revealed to be a major factor of how participants experienced the robot in the study. These results could be interpreted as implying that expectations of robots are to large degrees decided before interactions with the robot, and that these expectations do not necessarily change as a result of the interaction. Results reveal a strong connection to how expectations are studied in social psychology and human-human interaction, underpinning its relevance for HRI research.
Initial Interaction Expectations with Robots: Testing the Human-To-Human Interaction Script
Communication Studies, 2015
As social robotics becomes more utilized and routine in everyday situations, individuals will be interacting with social robots in a variety of contexts. Centered on the use of human-to-human interaction scripts, the current study hypothesized that individuals would be more uncertain, have less liking and anticipate less social presence when they are told that they will be interacting with a social robot as opposed to another person. Additionally, the current study utilized a two-time measurement model experiment to explore perceptions of interacting with either a robot or human. Data were consistent with hypotheses. Research questions examined perceptions from Time 1 to Time 2 for the robot condition on the dependent variables. Findings are discussed in light of future research studies.
The Role of Users ’ Preconceptions in Talking to Computers and Robots
2006
Communication with artificial interaction partners differs in many ways from communication among humans, and often so in the very first utterance. That is, in human-computer and human-robot interaction users address their artificial communication partner on the basis of preconceptions. The current paper addresses the nature of speakers’ preconceptions about robots and computers and the role these preconceptions play in human-computer and human-robot interactions. That is, I will show that a) two types of preconceptions as opposing poles of the same dimension of interpersonal relationship can be distinguished, b) these types can be readily identified on the basis of surface cues in the users’ utterances, b) these preconceptions correlate with the users’ linguistic choices on all linguistic levels, and d) these preconceptions also influence the speakers’ interactional behaviour, in particular, with respect to which their linguistic behaviour can be influenced, that is, in how far spea...
User expectations on human-robot co-operation
Robot and Human …, 2006
Robots are sometimes considered as candidates for being ideal helpers in various situations. As robot technology advances quickly it might be tempting to assume that robots will soon widely used in homes dealing with all sorts of tasks, from small assignments to more complex tasks. However, it is still not clear what people expect a robot to do in their homes. This paper describes the results from two studies that investigate the public opinion towards service robots, both as a general domestic worker, and as a support for people with special needs.
Welcoming Our Robot Overlords: Initial Expectations About Interaction With a Robot
Communication Research Reports, 2014
ABSTRACT Because robots and other electronic agents perform increasingly social functions, people will soon face the possibility of more frequent human–robot interactions. But what kinds of expectations do people bring with them into these potential interactions? Based on the possibility of a human-to-human interaction script, the current research hypothesized that people will be more uncertain about, anticipate less social attraction to, and expect less social presence when they expect to interact with a robot as opposed to another human. An experiment was designed in which people were told they would interact with either a robot or another person, and each of these three expectations was measured. The data were consistent with each of three hypotheses. These findings are discussed, as are avenues for future research.
… of Complexity and System Science. Springer, 2009
Robots are poised to fill a growing number of roles in today's society, from factory automation to service applications to medical care and entertainment. While robots were initially used in repetitive tasks where all human direction is given a priori, they are becoming involved in increasingly more complex and less structured tasks and activities, including interaction with people required to complete those tasks. This complexity has prompted the entirely new endeavor of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), the study of how humans interact with robots, and how best to design and implement robot systems capable of accomplishing interactive tasks in human environments. The fundamental goal of HRI is to develop the principles and algorithms for robot systems that make them capable of direct, safe and effective interaction with humans. Many facets of HRI research relate to and draw from insights and principles from psychology, communication, anthropology, philosophy, and ethics, making HRI an inherently interdisciplinary endeavor.
Who Expect Rapport with Robots? A Survey-Based Study for Analysis of People’s Expectation
An online survey for 600 Japanese participants from 20's to 50's was conducted to reveal who expect rapport to what robots. In concrete, the survey was based on hypothetical situation method consisting of three situations: a robot servicing in a public space, a business-partner robot in a company, and a butler robot servicing a family in a home. We measured people's expectation of rapport to these robots using a psychological scale, RERS [6, 7], and we also measured their personal traits using other scales. As expected, the result revealed that 1) the butler robot was expected as a conversation partner to be with together, more strongly than the other two robots. Further, we found that 2) rapport-expectation with the butler robot was inhibited by negative attitudes toward robots, more strongly than the other robots; 3) people with more empathy to others tended to have higher expectation to have rapport with robots.
Human-robot interactions: A psychological perspective
Human-robot interactions plays a key role in the field of robotics, especially those applications where robots work with humans in a cooperative , semi-independent and/or independent way. The rules of engagement between robots and humans must be explicitly defined to avoid conflicts. In addition, robots must be programmed to behave in humane way, especially in critical situation. Artificial emotions along with artificial intelligence can bring meaningful robotic configurations in this arena. A review of work in this area is presented in the paper along with key ideas for implimentation in various social environment and evaluation schemes for thier performance.
Quantity or quality-predictability and experience: A case study in human-robot interaction
Human-robot collaboration is essential when the robot operates in unstructured environments which change dynamically and require high perception capabilities. The design of such collaborative systems requires the system to be predictable, i.e., the system's response should be repeatable and as close as possible to the response expected by its users. This should enable users to comprehend and learn how the system operates and foresee the system's responses to their commands and actions. We present a study of remote controlling a robot. This study investigated the expectations, perception, behavior and preferences of users while issuing a "forward" movement command. The study aimed to determine if users expect and prefer a system response that is identical in the distance of movement (repeated quantity), or an adaptive movement whose size depends on the environment (i.e., repeated rule, such as movement until another command, until junctions and/or obstacles). Speech was the only modality of interaction in the two experiments performed. The results show that the movement manner adaptable to the environment is preferred. Although the manner of movement (set step size vs. continuous movement, stopping at junctions vs. not stopping) may affect the overall performance, especially in the learning stage, these differences are not always perceived by the users. Results indicate that a robot's response could be qualitatively similar rather than identical in quantity or quality (the direction is constant, but the movement and feedback manners may vary). Furthermore, the overall gained user experience compensates for minor variations in the system's response.