Pulse wave velocity reference values in healthy adults aged 26–75 years (original) (raw)
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Artery stiffness is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV) between the carotid artery and the femoral artery (cfPWV) is considered the gold standard in the assessment of arterial stiffness. A relationship between cfPWV and regional PWV has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender on arterial stiffness measured centrally and regionally in the geriatric population. The central PWV was assessed by a SphygmoCor XCEL, and the regional PWV was assessed by a new device through the photoplethysmographic measurement of multi-site arterial pulse wave velocity (MPPT). The study group included 118 patients (35 males and 83 females; mean age 77.2 ± 8.1 years). Men were characterized by statistically significantly higher values of cfPWV than women (cfPWV 10.52 m/s vs. 9.36 m/s; p = 0.001). In the measurement of regional PWV values using MPPT, no such relationship was found. Gender groups did not stati...
Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2021
In addition to being a marker of cardiovascular (CV) aging, aortic stiffening has been shown to be independently associated with increased CV risk (directly and/or indirectly due to stiffness-gradient attenuation). Arterial stiffness determines the rate at which the pulse pressure wave propagates (i.e., pulse wave velocity, PWV). Thus, propagated PWV (i.e., the distance between pressure-wave recording sites divided by the pulse transit time) was proposed as an arterial stiffness index. Presently, aortic PWV is considered a gold-standard for non-invasive stiffness evaluation. The limitations ascribed to PWV have hampered its use in clinical practice. To overcome the limitations, different approaches and parameters have been proposed (e.g., local PWV obtained by wave separation and pulse wave analysis). In turn, it has been proposed to determine PWV considering blood pressure (BP) levels (β-PWV), so as to evaluate intrinsic arterial stiffness. It is unknown whether the different appro...
Background: Arterial wall thickness occurs with age in humans and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. Age-related increase in arterial wall thickness is observed in the absence of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Measures of wall thickness are currently used as surrogates for and intermediate end points of atherosclerosis. Pulse volume refers to the movement of the vessel wall during the passage of the pulse wave and the stroke volume of the ventricles. The condition of the vessel wall affects the pulse volume. Therefore in the present study we studied the changes in arterial pulse volume with age. Methods: The study was conducted on 40 volunteers from general population having no apparent disease. The subjects were divided into two groups: Group-I and Group-II. The Pulse Volume was recorded by Pulse Transducer and Student Physiograph (Inco Ambala, India). Normal arterial pulse was recorded and the rate, rhythm and average amplitude for one minute were calculated. Ratio of averaged Pulse Amplitude (PA) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) of each subject was also calculated. Results: The mean age (years) of subjects in group-I was lower (19.30±1.25) as compared to group-II (61.60±5.91) (p< 0.001). The important finding of our study was the pulse amplitude (mm) (which represent the pulse volume) was significantly lower (7.24±1.36) in group II as compared to group I (19.10±6.87). We also calculated the ratio of Pulse amplitude and Mean Arterial Pressure which was significantly lower in group II as compared to group I. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the pulse transducer and physiograph can easily record the pulse volume index and asses the cardiovascular risk.
Characteristics of pulse wave velocity in elastic and muscular arteries
Journal of Hypertension, 2013
Background: Although aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been accepted as gold standard of arterial stiffness, characteristics of PWVs in other arteries have never been reported. Methods: We measured carotid-femoral, carotid-pedis, carotid-radial, and femoral-pedis PWVs by a validated tonometry PulsePen, and assessed body fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance analyzer, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) by ultrasonograph, and other cardiovascular risk factors, in 198 patients from our ambulatory cardiovascular department. Results: Carotid-femoral and carotid-pedis PWVs increased significantly and progressively with age in both men and women (P 0.03), whereas only in men, a slight increase and decrease in carotid-radial and femoral-pedis PWVs, respectively, were detected with aging (P 0.006). Carotidfemoral and carotid-pedis PWVs, but not carotid-radial and femoral-pedis PWVs, were significantly associated with age, body height and body fat percentage, brachial mean blood pressure (MBP), and pulse pressure (PP), carotid PP, PP amplification, carotid IMT, plasma glucose and taking antihypertensive agent (P 0.047). In full adjustment models, carotid-femoral PWV increased by 0.89 AE 0.21, 0.38 AE 0.13, 0.74 AE 0.26, 0.40 AE 0.16, 0.51 AE 0.23 m/s, with an increase of 10 years in age, of 1 mmol/l in plasma glucose, of 10 mmHg in brachial PP, of 100 mm in IMT, and of 10 mmHg in brachial MBP, respectively, whereas carotidpedis PWV increased by 0.31 AE 0.11 and 0.33 AE 0.12 m/s with an increase of 10 years in age and of 10 mmHg in brachial MBP, respectively. Conclusion: Arterial stiffness in elastic arteries, but not in muscular arteries, increased significantly and progressively with age, and was more closely correlated to BP, plasma glucose and arterial thickness.
Changes in Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection With Advancing Age in Healthy Men and Women
Hypertension, 2004
With advancing age, arterial stiffness and wave reflections increase and elevate systolic and pulse pressures. An elevated central pulse pressure is generally ascribed to increased wave reflection and portends an unfavorable prognosis. Using arterial tonometry, we evaluated central (carotid-femoral) and peripheral (carotid-brachial) pulse wave velocity, amplitudes of forward and reflected pressure waves, and augmentation index in 188 men and 333 women in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, smoking within the past 12 months, dyslipidemia, and obesity. In multivariable linear regression models, advancing age was the predominant correlate of higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; other correlates were higher mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and triglycerides and walk test before tonometry (model R 2 =0.512, P <0.001). A similar model was obtained for carotid-brachial pulse wave velocity (model ...
International Journal of Hypertension, 2012
Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) has emerged as the gold standard for non-invasive evaluation of aortic stiffness; absence of standardized methodologies of study and lack of normal and reference values have limited a wider clinical implementation. This work was carried out in a Uruguayan (South American) population in order to characterize normal, reference, and threshold levels of PWV considering normal age-related changes in PWV and the prevailing blood pressure level during the study. A conservative approach was used, and we excluded symptomatic subjects; subjects with history of cardiovascular (CV) disease, diabetes mellitus or renal failure; subjects with traditional CV risk factors (other than age and gender); asymptomatic subjects with atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries; patients taking anti-hypertensives or lipid-lowering medications. The included subjects (n = 429) were categorized according to the age decade and the blood pressure levels (at study time). All subjects represented the "reference population"; the group of subjects with optimal/normal blood pressures levels at study time represented the "normal population." Results. Normal and reference PWV levels were obtained. Differences in PWV levels and aging-associated changes were obtained. The obtained data could be used to define vascular aging and abnormal or disease-related arterial changes.
Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease
University Heart Journal, 2012
Investigation of arterial stiffness, especially of the large arteries, has gathered pace in recent years with the development of readily available noninvasive assessment techniques. These include the measurement of pulse wave velocity, the use of ultrasound to relate the change in diameter or area of an artery to distending pressure, and analysis of arterial waveforms obtained by applanation tonometry. Here, we describe each of these techniques and their limitations and discuss how the measured parameters relate to established cardiovascular risk factors and clinical outcome. We also consider which techniques might be most appropriate for wider clinical application. Finally, the effects of current and future cardiovascular drugs on arterial stiffness are also discussed, as is the relationship between arterial elasticity and endothelial function. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:554-566.)
2010
The aim of the current investigation was to test the hypothesis that age-related changes in augmentation index (AIx) are more prominent in younger individuals (Ͻ50 years), whereas changes in aortic stiffness per se are more marked in older individuals (Ͼ50 years). BACKGROUND Aging exerts a number of deleterious changes in the cardiovascular system, and, in particular, on the large arteries. Previous studies have suggested that AIx and pulse wave velocity (PWV) increase linearly with age, yet epidemiological data concerning pulse pressure suggest that large artery stiffening predominantly occurs later in life. METHODS Peripheral and central blood pressure, augmentation pressure (AP), and AIx were determined in 4,001 healthy, normotensive individuals, aged 18 to 90 years. Aortic and brachial PWV were also determined in a subset of 998 subjects. RESULTS Peripheral and central pulse pressure, AP, AIx, and aortic and brachial PWV all increased significantly with age; however, the age-related changes in AIx and aortic PWV were non-linear, with AIx increasing more in younger individuals, whereas the changes in PWV were more prominent in older individuals. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AIx might be a more sensitive marker of arterial stiffening and risk in younger individuals but aortic PWV is likely to be a better measure in older individuals.