Temporal characteristics of the effects of visual pattern redundancy on encoding and storage processes: evidence from rapid serial visual presentation (original) (raw)
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Perception & Psychophysics, 1995
Repetition blindness (RB) refers to the reduced performance in reporting a repeated as opposed to a nonrepeated item in rapid serial visual presentation. In Experiment 1,we found RB for two-item stimuli in uncertain locations. The magnitude of RB decreased significantly with increases in interstimulus interval, but not with increases in spatial separation, indicating that RBis determined primarily by temporal factors. In Experiment 2, we found RB when subjects were required to report only the second of two successively presented items. The magnitude of RB increased with the duration of the first item, indicating that RBis determined by the encoding effectiveness of the first item. The results ofthis study collectively indicate that RB is not a memory or a sensory phenomenon, but rather a perceptual phenomenon occurring at the stage of identity encoding. The findings also undermine the arguments ) that have been offered in favor of the type-token binding failure hypothesis and indicate instead that type-node refractoriness may be the cause of RB.
Redundancy as a variable in pattern perception
Psychological Bulletin, 1967
Ambiguities in the use of the term redundancy are described and some necessary distinctions are made. 2 general kinds of redundancy are noted. Schematic redundancy is associated with a schema, sampling constraints, and improved performance in memory tasks. Discrimination redundancy is associated with increased complexity, absence of sampling constraints, and improved performance in discrimination tasks. The use of Shannon's model to measure technical redundancy is shown to involve ambiguities because 3 different sets of identification statements can be used to link the model with the experimental situation; a shift from one identification to another results in different implications and different quantities for redundancy. When patterns are identified with signals in a channel, both schematic and discrimination redundancy are shown to have distinct measurable counterparts in Shannon's model.
Memory & Cognition, 2019
Repetition blindness (RB) is the inability to detect both instances of a repeated stimulus during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Prior work has demonstrated RB for semantically related critical items presented as pictures, but not for word stimuli. It is not known whether the type of semantic relationship between critical items (i.e., conceptual similarity or lexical association) determines the manifestation of semantically mediated RB, or how this is affected by the format of the stimuli. These questions provided the motivation for the present study. Participants reported items presented in picture or word RSVP streams in which critical items were either low-associate category coordinates (horse-camel), high-associate noncoordinates (horse-saddle), or unrelated word pairs (horse-umbrella). Report accuracy was reduced for category coordinate critical items only when they were presented in pictorial form; accuracy for coordinate word pairs did not differ from that of their unrelated counterparts. Associated critical items were reported more accurately than unrelated critical items in both the picture and word versions of the task. We suggest that semantic RB for pictorial stimuli results from intracategory interference in the visuosemantic space; words do not reliably suffer from semantic RB because they do not necessitate semantic mediation to be reported successfully. Conversely, the associative facilitation observed in both picture and word versions of the task reflects the spread of activation between the representations of associates in the lexical network.
Repetition blindness for novel objects
Visual Cognition, 2005
When visual stimuli (letters, words or pictures of objects) are presented sequentially at high rates (8±12 items/s), observers have difficulty in detecting and reporting both occurrences of a repeated item: This is repetition blindness. Two experiments investigated the effects of repetition of novel objects, and whether the representations bound to episodic memory tokens that yield repetition blindness are viewpoint dependent or whether they are object centred. Subjects were shown coloured drawings of simple three-dimensional novel objects, and rate of presentation (Experiment 1) and rotation in depth (Experiment 2) were manipulated. Repetition blindness occurred only at the higher rate (105 ms/item), and was found even for stimuli differing in orientation. We conclude that object-centred representations are bound to episodic memory tokens, and that these are constructed prior to object recognition operating on novel as well as known objects. These results are contrasted with those found with written materials, and implications for explanations of repetition blindness are considered.
Repetition Blindness: Out of Sight or Out of Mind?
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2004
Does repetition blindness represent a failure of perception or of memory? In Experiment 1, participants viewed rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sentences. When critical words (C1 and C2) were orthographically similar, C2 was frequently omitted from serial report; however, repetition priming for C2 on a postsentence lexical decision task was equivalent whether or not C1 was similar to C2. In Experiment 2, participants monitored RSVP sentences for a predetermined target. Participants frequently failed to detect the target when it was preceded by an orthographically similar word. In Experiment 3, the authors investigated the role of the attentional blink in this effect. These experiments suggest that repetition blindness is a failure of conscious perception, consistent with predictions of the token-individuation hypothesis.
Identity and similarity factors in repetition blindness: implications for lexical processing
Cognition, 1997
The influence of identity and similarity of repeated items on repetition blindness (RB) was investigated in two rapid-serial-visual processing (RSVP) tasks. In Experiment 1, the difference between correct recall for sentences containing repeated identical items and their controls was contrasted with the difference between correct recall for sentences containing pairs of orthographically similar items (fish -dish) and their controls. In Experiment 2 the same comparison was made between sentences containing repeated identical items and sentences containing pairs of orthographically identical items (the watch -to watch). The amount of RB elicited by the two conditions was measured at three different temporal lags. The results show that the function that describes performance over time for the repeatedidentical (R-I) condition is different from that for the condition in which the items are orthographically similar (repeated-neighbor: R-N) or orthographically identical (repeatedhomonym: R-H). The results are interpreted as suggesting that the decrements in performance observed for recall of the second occurrence of the repeated item in the R-I and the R-N and R-H conditions have different underlying causes.
Serial position effects in short-term visual memory: A SIMPLE explanation?
Memory & Cognition, 2007
A version of short-term visual memory recognition paradigm with pictures of unfamiliar faces as stimuli was used in three experiments to assess the applicability of the distinctiveness-based SIMPLE model proposed by . Initial simulations indicated that the amount of recency predicted increased as the parameter measuring the psychological distinctiveness of the stimulus material (c) increased and that the amount of primacy was dependent on the extent of proactive interference from previously presented stimuli. The data from Experiment 1, in which memory lists of four and five faces varying in visual similarity were used, confirmed the predicted extended recency effect. However, changes in visual similarity were not found to produce changes in c. In Experiments 2 and 3, the conditions that influence the magnitude of c were explored. These revealed that both the familiarity of the stimulus class before testing and changes in familiarity, due to perceptual learning, influenced distinctiveness, as indexed by the parameter c. Overall, the empirical data from all three experiments were well fit by SIMPLE.
Repetition learning in the immediate serial recall of visual and auditory materials
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006
In five experiments a Hebb repetition effect, that is, improved immediate serial recall of an (unannounced) repeating list, was demonstrated in the immediate serial recall of visual materials, even when use of phonological STM was blocked by concurrent articulation. The learning of a repeatedly presented letter-list in one modality (auditory or visual) did not transfer to give improved performance on the same list in the other modality. This result was not replicated for word lists, however, for which asymmetric transfer was observed. Inferences are made about the structure of short-term memory and about the nature of the Hebb repetition effect. Hebb repetition learning 9 repetition effect will prove a useful laboratory analogue of the word-form learning process. To make this concrete, it is at least worth considering whether the learning of, say, the repeated auditory list "BJRQ", is related to the learning of the repeatedly presented novel word "beejayarcue", particularly given Gupta's (2005) work that highlights the similarities between standard ISR and the recall of multisyllable nonwords. Given the evidence that word-form learning is dependent on the phonological loop, it is worth establishing whether the Hebb repetition effect for verbal materials also depends on the loop. We addressed this question in our first experiment. Experiment 1 Cumming et al.'s (2003) result by demonstrating that the Hebb repetition effect is not consequent on a strengthening of position-item associations, as well as extending this result to the visual modality. Fourth, and most important, they show that the learning of a repeating list is relatively persistent, but does not transfer across modalities. Experiment 4
Post-iconic visual storage: Chunking in the reproduction of briefly displayed visual patterns
Cognitive Psychology, 1978
are reported which investigate the organization of visuospatial information in post-iconic storage. In both experiments, stimuli consisting of 10 disks randomly placed in a four-by-five array were tachistoscopically presented to subjects whose task was to recreate the pattern. In Experiment 2, reproduction was constrained (on a row-by-row basis) while in Experiment 1 it was unconstrained. The results of Experiment 1 showed that subjects recalled in terms of "chunks" of spatially adjacent disks, with most "chunks" consisting of about three of four disks. Within each sequence of 10 responses the probability of correctly recalling a chunk decreased with its serial position but was relatively independent of chunk size per se (for chunks containing seven or less disks). In addition, clear topographical variations in accuracy were found, which tended to covary srrongly wirh order of recall. In Experiment 2, rhe order of reproduction was prespecified (either top row down to bottom row, or bottom row up to top row) in order to induce chunking by rows. The direction of reproduction was cithcr pre-or post-cued. The results of this study showed that subjects encode the stimulus, wherever possible, in a form which is compatible with the constraints imposed on recall order. The results for the postcued conditions provide strong support for the argument that topographical variations in accuracy are a function of variations in accuracy of encoding, and not simply a function of order of report. The results are discussed in terms of an attentional model. It is proposed that a general "anticipatory schema" (cf. Neisser, Cognition and Rrality, 1976) presets the distribution of attention in the visual field, preselects a set of coding heuristics, and subsequently interacts with the present stimulus pattern. Spatial discontinuities in the distribution of attention resulting from this interaction are regarded as "defining" chunks of stimulus elements. have produced some evidence to suggest that positions of randomly located disks are remembered by organizing the disks into groups and then coding the positions of the groups relative to each other, rather than by relating the positions of each disk to some overall coordinate system. In their study, subjects were presented with a memory stimulus consisting of 12 disks randomly located on a plain background. Matching comparison stimuli consisted of either a subset of disks, selected at random from the 12, or one selected at random with the five adjacent Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr.