Inflammatory Cytokines in General and Central Obesity and Modulating Effects of Physical Activity (original) (raw)

Context Chronic systemic inflammation in obesity originates from local immune responses in viscer-al adipose tissue. However, assessment of a broad range of inflammation-mediating cyto-kines and their relationship to physical activity and adipometrics has scarcely been reported to date. Objective To characterize the profile of a broad range of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the impact of physical activity and energy expenditure in individuals with general obesity, central obesity, and non-obese subjects. A cross-sectional study comprising 117 obese patients (body mass index (BMI) ! 30) and 83 non-obese community-based volunteers. Main Outcomes Measures Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. Physical activity and energy expenditure (MET) were assessed with acti-graphy. Adipometrics comprised BMI, weight, abdominal-, waist-and hip-circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR).