Entry class and the early employment experience of immigrants in Canada (original) (raw)
Related papers
2011
This is the first of two papers reporting on work in progress which is devoted to economic inequalities arising from an immigrant background in Quebec. Specifically, it presents the facts with reference to the metropolitan area (CMA) of Montreal as they come out of the 2006 Census of Population, whereas the companion paper deals with the explanations behind those facts : Victor Chung, Alain Bélanger and Jacques Ledent, Economic inequalities arising from an immigrant background in Quebec: 2. Explanations. Prepared for discussion at the International Seminar Rethinking Equity in India and Quebec: Towards Inclusive Societies to be held in Montreal, November 7-9, 2011. 2 Statistics Canada, Ethnic Origin (101), Age Groups (8), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (309), for the Total Population-Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations-Cat. No. 97-564-X2006007. 3 Indeed, according to the 2006 census, the Montreal CMA which is home to 48% of the population aged 15 years and over living in Quebec comprises 88% of immigrants, 91% of visible minorities and 81% of non-French speakers among them.
Some economic impacts of the immigrant population in Canada
1988
Following the definition suggested by Statistics Canada, a census family is defined as comprising of parent(s) and never-married children who are living with parents. There are two classifications of census families: husband-wife families and lone parent families. A husband-wife family consists of the husband, wife and never-married children who are living with their parents. A lone parent family is the lone parent and never-married children who live with their parent. Non-Family Person A non-family person is one who is not attached with any census family. Immiqrant Again, following census terms as used by Statistics Canada, an immigrant is defined as a person who was born outside Canada and was not a Canadian citizen by birth. Immigrant Family Among husband-wife families, an immigrant family is one which has at least one immigrant spouse. Similarly, among lone parent families, an immigrant family is defined as one in which the lone parent is an immigrant. xii Immiqrant assimilation Immigrant assimilation refers to a process whereby immigrants acquire skills including language proficiency and knowledge about the local labour markets and other social institutions, which ultimately will enhance their socioeconomic status and their earnings in particular. ,".
The Changing Labour Market Position of Canadian Immigrants
The Canadian Journal of Economics, 1995
Canadian census data to evaluate the extent to which the earnings of Canadian immigrants at the time of immigration fall short of the earnings of comparable Canadian-born individuals, and (2) immigrants' earnings grow more rapidly over time than those of the Canadianborn. Variations in the labor market assimilation of immigrants according to their gender and country of origin are also analyzed. The results suggest that recent immigrant cohorts have had more difficulty being assimilated into the Canadian labor market than earlier ones, an apparent consequence of recent changes in Canadian immigration policy, labor market discrimination against visible minorities, and the prolonged recession of the early 1980s.
The structure of Canada's immigration system and Canadian labour market outcomes
Two distinct issues are addressed. First, we explore earnings and employment outcome differences across categories of the immigrant selection system and directly link the points system to these outcomes, which is relatively rare in Canadian research. Second, the appropriateness of alternative approaches to selecting the sample for analysis and defining the dependent variable(s) are investigated to determine their relevance for answering different policy questions. Appreciable differences in outcomes across immigrant categories are observed with, as expected, the economic class having superior earnings in the long run. However, employment in some categories is comparable to, or higher than, that of the economic class, especially in the short run. Notably, privately sponsored refugees have relatively good outcomes, particularly in the short run and for employment. Their outcomes are particularly strong conditional on observed characteristics and plausibly point to the value of local information and networks.
Gender Variations in the Socioeconomic Attainment of Immigrants in Canada
Journal of Sociological Research, 2012
Using data from the 2001 Census of Canada, this study examines gender variations in the socioeconomic attainment of immigrants in Canada aged 30-40. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out to test the research hypotheses. In general, the study finds that male immigrants in Canada aged 30-40 in 2001 are likely to have higher educational attainment, higher occupational prestige and higher income attainment than female immigrants of the same age group, even after controlling for human capital variables. A similar gender differential pattern in socioeconomic attainment also prevails across various subgroups of immigrants based on marital status and region of birth. The study finds evidence in support of the theory of discrimination rather than the theory of human capital, and it explores the possible implications of these findings.
Social Sciences, 2013
This study assesses whether characteristics relating to ethnic identity and social inclusion influence the earnings of recent immigrants in Canada. Past research has revealed that relevant predictors of immigrant earnings include structural and demographic characteristics, educational credentials and employment-related characteristics. However, due to the unavailability of situational and agency variables in existing surveys, past research has generally been unable to account for the impact of such characteristics on the economic integration of immigrants. Drawing on data from Statistics Canada's Ethnic Diversity Survey, this paper builds on previous research by identifying the relative extent to which sociodemographic, educational and ethnic identity characteristics explain earnings differences between immigrants of two recent cohorts and native-born Canadians.