Fertiliser products from new sanitation systems: Their potential values and risks (original) (raw)
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Some of laboratory experiments and also Some experiments were done and applied to use of microorganisms as biofertilizer in some area of agriculture on different crops were performed to explain and show the efficacy, applety and quality of some Microorganisms to secret some useful product for plant and soil and increase the fertility of soil and increase yield of crop and important for agriculture. Organic agriculture is to improve the food safety to the human in general. organic farming vital (Bio-Organic Farming), also known as Agriculture Natural (Natural Agriculture,) is used where organic fertilizers and micro-organisms useful in order to provide healthy food with the productivity of more high quality and in the same time preserving the environment pure and clean and increase the fertility of agricultural soils. Inroduction Biofertilizers are supposed to be a safe alternative to chemical fertilizers to minimize the ecological disturbance. Biofertilizers are cost effective, eco-friendly and when they are required in bulk can be generated at the farm itself. They increase crop yield up to 10-40%. The other plus point is that after using 3-4 years continuously there is no need of application of biofertilizers because parental inoculums are sufficient for growth and multiplication. They improve soil texture, pH, and other properties of soil. They produces plant growth promoting substances IAA amino acids, vitamins etc. They have 75% moisture and it could be applied to the field directly. Biofertilizers contained 3.5% - 4% nitrogen, 2% - 2.5% phosphorus and 1.5% potassium. In terms of N: P: K, it was found to be superior to farmyard manure and other type of manure (Mukhopadhyay, 2006). Deepali and Kamal K. Gangwar Increasing use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture make country self dependent in food production but it deteriorate environment and cause harmful impacts on living beings. Due to insufficient uptake of these fertilizers by plants results, fertilizers reaches into water bodies through rain water, causes eutrophication in water bodies and affect living beings including growth inhabiting micro organism. The excess uses of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are costly and also have various adverse effects on soils i.e. depletes water holding capacity, soil fertility and disparity in soil nutrients. It was felt from a long time to develop some low cost effective and eco-friendly fertilizers which work without disturbing nature. Now, certain species of micro-organism are widely used which have unique properties to provide natural products, and serve as a good substitute of chemical fertilizers. Organic agriculture is to improve the food safety to the human in general. organic farming vital (Bio-Organic Farming), also known as Agriculture Natural (Natural Agriculture,) is used where organic fertilizers and micro-organisms useful in order to provide healthy food with the productivity of more high quality and in the same time preserving the environment pure and clean and increase the fertility of agricultural soils. These include technology to maximize the use of micro-organisms beneficial to employ them in improving the physical properties and chemical and biological soil, where you save the equilibrium elements of agricultural land and conversion elements to the image dissolved and soft suitable for plant nutrition, is also involved in the biological control of some pests and plant diseases. Organic agriculture is a term that has dimensions and benefits of the non-organic agriculture, by contrast, which carries with it the negative and the risks that may cause human health from eating foods grown in ways that absent the elements of safe natural farming methods. several reports were found on the plant growth promotion (perondi etal , 1996 ; Abd_El_Hafez and Shehata , 2001 ; El_Tarabily , 2004 ; El_ Mehalawy etal , 2004 ; Nassar etal 2003 , 2005 ) . The promotion of plant growth is mainly due to capability of some yeast to produce indole acetic acid, indol pyruvic acid, gibberellins, auxin, polyamines and ethylene. These compounds are known as plant growth hormones and as plant growth regulators.
On-farm practices for the safe use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture
2012
On-farm practices for the safe use of wastewater in urban and peri-urban horticulture-a training handbook for Farmer Field Schools, Second edition. Rome. 54 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. First edition: 2012 Second edition: 2019 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
Challenges and opportunities for using wastewater in agriculture: a review How to cite
2017. Challenges and opportunities for using wastewater in agriculture: a review. J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol., 2(2): 1-20 ABSTRACT se of wastewater for irrigating the agricultural land is becoming a common and a widespread practice throughout the world, particularly in arid and semiarid regions where freshwater resources are insufficient to meet water demand. According to estimates, 20 million hectares area on global scale is being irrigated with treated, partially treated and untreated wastewater, contributing to food security. Increasing water scarcity, industrialization, urbanization, increasing urban wastewater flows due to expanded water supply and sewerage services, nutrient value, consistency and reliability in supply are the key drivers for the widespread use of wastewater for irrigation. These drivers are expected to become even more powerful in the near future, making wastewater use in agriculture an emerging priority. Wastewater consists of mainly municipal wastewater, industrial effluents and storm water runoff. Wastewater is a potential resource for overcoming water shortage, and has both opportunities and challenges associated with its use. Wastewater can have multifaceted uses including urban and industrial uses, artificial groundwater recharge, crop land and landscape irrigation, aquaculture, and recreational and environmental uses. However, use of wastewater can involve potential risks such as harmful influences on plant growth, soil health and environment. It is also supposed to be the carrier of certain toxic substances including salts, heavy metals, pesticide residues, poisonous gases and a wide spectrum of enteric pathogens which have deleterious effects on crops, soil, air, groundwater, and eventually on human beings. Social concerns about using the produce of crops grown with wastewaters and subsequent influence on market value of these crops are also the main areas of thorough investigation. The present paper reviews the current literature on wastewater with focuses being made on its potential benefits and hazards on plant growth and soil health. U Ashraf et al. 2017 J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 2017 2(2): 1-20 2 Copyright© PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan http://jaab.uaar.edu.pk
Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS), 2021
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment. Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
Review Sustainable Sanitation—A Cost-Effective Tool to Improve Plant Yields and the Environment
2015
Human urine and faeces are products formed every day in every human society. The volume and fertilisation value of urine is higher than that of faeces. This paper reviews data that urine has been used successfully as a fertiliser for cereals and some vegetables. According to the literature, urine fertilised plants may have produced higher, similar or slightly lower yields than mineral fertilized plants but they invariably resulted in higher yields than non-fertilised plants. There have been no microbiological risks associated with any products. The taste and chemical quality of the products are similar to plants treated with mineral fertilisers. Separating toilets, where urine and faeces are separated already in the toilet, could be beneficial not only in poor but also in the industrialized countries. A separating toilet could be installed also in old buildings and it could allow individuals to live in coastal areas, mountainous or other sensitive environments. In poor areas, urine fertilisation could increase food production also in home plots and reduce hunger. It could also combat water contamination and help to reduce diseases caused by enteric microorganisms. If urine were to be viewed as a resource rather than a waste product, more families could be encouraged to install low-cost toilets which would especially improve the wellbeing of women.
Management of wastewater from the fertilizer industry
Water Science and Technology, 1995
Two schemes of treatment were applied to wastewaterproduced from a superphosphatemanufacturing mit In the flrst scheme the fmal effluent, comprising washing water from the scrubbing towers in combination with cooling water, was subjected to chemical coagulation-sedimentation using lime. In the second scheme the washing water from the scrubbing towers was chemically treated with recycling of a percentage of the treated effluent The two treatment schemes were carried out using a continuous flow compact unit The results obtained revealed that chemical treatment of washing water from the scrubbing towers including recycling treated effluent waste (with a ratio of 1:2) was recommended.The treatment process proved to be very efficient in removing fluoride, phosphate, silicate and suspended solids. Also. the optimum conditions required for drying the sludge using sludge drying beds were determined. Analysis of the dry sludge indicated that it can be reused with the initial raw material in the plant A process design of the proposed treatment plant was also included.
Challenges and opportunities for using wastewater in agriculture: a review
2018
Use of wastewater for irrigating the agricultural land is becoming a common and a widespread practice throughout the world, particularly in arid and semiarid regions where freshwater resources are insufficient to meet water demand. According to estimates, 20 million hectares area on global scale is being irrigated with treated, partially treated and untreated wastewater, contributing to food security. Increasing water scarcity, industrialization, urbanization, increasing urban wastewater flows due to expanded water supply and sewerage services, nutrient value, consistency and reliability in supply are the key drivers for the widespread use of wastewater for irrigation. These drivers are expected to become even more powerful in the near future, making wastewater use in agriculture an emerging priority. Wastewater consists of mainly municipal wastewater, industrial effluents and storm water runoff. Wastewater is a potential resource for overcoming water shortage, and has both opportun...