initial Difficulties of Pakistan (original) (raw)
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Pakistan: Creation and Genesis
The Muslim World, 2006
he emergence of Pakistan towards the middle of the twentieth century was an historic event. Those who participated in the Pakistan movement, or sympathized with the idea of a distinct Muslim identity and the need to protect and preserve it, would assert that Pakistan was the 'product' of the circumstances and a response to the aspirations of the Muslim population of the Subcontinent. However, those who either stood for a united India or did not see the need for a separate state for Muslims for the protection of their identity or promotion of their values viewed its creation as "temporary madness" and an "aberration" of history. In this article I examine the circumstances that led to the demand for a separate state for Muslims. We will also consider questions about the Pakistan movement, such as: Why, after all, were Muslims agitating? What made them call for a "different constitutional arrangement"? Were there not chances of reconciliation between the leaderships of the Hindu and Muslim populations, or, more truly, was it because the leaders of the two major communities could not reconcile with each other? We will also explore questions that have been raised about the nature and objectives of this state: Was Pakistan to be a state for Muslims, or an "Islamic state"? Did Jinnah wish for a theocracy or a democracy? What did the founding fathers of this new state think of relations with the Muslim and non-Muslim world, especially India? And, very briefly, is antagonism between India and Pakistan to last forever, or is it only a "temporary madness" and "frenzied reaction" to the creation of Pakistan that has bedeviled relations between the two countries? In order to understand the circumstances that led to the demand for and ultimate creation of Pakistan, it is useful to determine the views of the leaders of the Muslim people who faced these circumstances, analyzed them, and shaped them to define the destiny of their people. Among these luminaries, three are most prominent: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, founder of the Aligarh University, who examined the causes of Muslim unrest in 1857 and championed
2018
The Oxford Companion to Pakistani History, judiciously edited by Ayesha Jalal, is a valuable singlevolume reference work for those embarking on a study of Pakistan. For scholars familiar with Pakistan, it provides insight into areas unrelated to their basic specialization, and for the undergraduate student, journalist, and intelligent layman, it offers useful background information. The subject index at the end of the volume and the asterisk marks within the text are useful for those seeking specific information or leads. The contributors to this volume have adopted an academic and liberal democratic standpoint and can claim to have as “unbiased” a stand as is possible in the social sciences.
History (Of Pakistan, 1947-2019)
Europa World Regional Series 2018, 2019, 2018
A historical overview of Pakistan from 1947 to 2018 that examines the development of the country in terms of political, socioeconomic, administrative, and foreign policy decisions/trends. Published as part of Informa (Routledge) Europa World Series for 2018, it constitutes the chapter on Pakistan's history.
India and the initial difficulties of Pakistan Submitted to: Prof. Shahryar M khan Course: Pakistan's foreign policy (POL331) Research paper Pressures through which India tried to strangle Pakistan at birth and the reasons why these attempts failed Pakistan came into being on 14 th August, 1947. The birth of Pakistan was an inconceivable event -an event that surprised even its founder. Carving a separate state out of the Indian union was the last thing Mr. Jinnah dreamt of. He had always envisioned amalgamation of Muslim majority provinces not into a separate country but into the Indian federation. Since the time of Lahore resolution of 1940, Mr. Jinnah had believed the amalgamation to be for the safeguard of the Muslim rights in the center and was in no way meant for a break-away from India. Earlier enthusiastic suggestions from young leaders like Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in naming the country coming out of the amalgamated provinces as PAKISTAN after initials of each province were never seriously contemplated over by Mr. Jinnah. For him Pakistan was nothing more than a 'bargaining chip' in demanding concessions for the Muslims from the British on the basis of equality. By invoking the 'Two nation theory' he hoped to convince the British that although Muslims were a numerical minority but like Hindus they were a separate 'nation' and hence were entitled to equal rights and indiscrete treatment. By accepting the Cabinet Mission plan as late as 1946, Mr. Jinnah had shown his willingness to adjust within undivided India. Separation was the last and least desirable resort to be had when all attempts at mediation were to fail. Uncompromising stance of the Congress towards the Muslim league forced Mr. Jinnah to consider Lord Mountbatten's third June plan of
Difficulties and problems faced in establishment of Pakistan
Pakistan was established in 1947 and since its inception, it has been surrounded by countless issues including but not limited to ill-formed/missing infrastructure, insufficient refined resources, barren or obsolete factories and technologies, refuges problem, illiteracy, Demarcation of Boundaries, imposed conflicts at Kashmir and other fronts and an ever-ready enemy to underscore all the efforts towards progress. Despite it being rich on raw resources thus far Pakistan is a developing country with limited development in every era due to the problems it faces.