In Vivo Toxicological and Histopathological Effects of Aflatoxin B1Exposure and Related Risk (original) (raw)
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** Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. elbarawy4@yahoo.com Abstract Seventy five samples of frozen meat, raw milk and poultry feed (25 samples each), were examined mycologically and for detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The results revealed that the isolated fungi represented 6 genera of moulds. The most prevalent fungi in these samples was the genus aspergillus (60%, 60% and 76%) with mean of count of (1.6 x 102 ± 0.1, 6.0 x 10 ± 0.23 and 3 x 102 ± 1.0), respectively, which was at the top of all isolated fungi . However, A. flavus was isolated form all kind of samples and that which isolated from feed produced aflatoxin B1 with mean level of (60 ± 0.1 ppb) followed by that isolated from frozen meat (9.5 ± 0.71 ppb), but those isolated from milk had the lowest AFB1 level (1.0 ± 0.1 ppb). The effect of dimethyl 4, 4- dimethoxy 5, 6, 5, 6- dimethylene dioxybiphenyl 2, 2- dicarboxylate (D.D.B.) in degradation of AF was evaluated by intraperitoneal injection of 30 rats with 1.5 ppm of AFB1 to evaluate their effect on haematological, biochemical and protein electrophoretic patterns of aflatocicated rats. The obtained results indicates an improvement in the haematological picture (Hb, RBCs and PCV) together with WBCs and differential leucocytic count of the treated rats compared with non treated ones. Also, biochemical analysis revealed significant changes in urea and creatinine levels; AST and ALT activities; total protein and protein electrophoretic patterns of treated rats. The administrated of DDB effectively improved haematological alterations and prevent serum biochemical changes, ameliorated, the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 and had hepatoprotective effect on AFB1 induced liver toxicity. [Life Science Journal 2010;7(3):148-153]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). Keywords: frozen meat; raw milk; poultry feed; aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); genus aspergillus; toxicity
Integrative Toxicopathological Evaluation of Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in F344 Rats
Toxicologic Pathology, 2013
In this study, male F344 rats were orally exposed to a single dose of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 0, 50, 250, or 1,000 µg/kg body weight (BW) or repeated dose of 0, 5, 10, 25, or 75 µg/kg BW for up to 5 weeks. Biochemical and histological changes were assessed together with the formation of AFB1-lysine adduct (AFB-Lys) and liver foci positive for placental form glutathione S transferase (GST-P+). In single-dose protocol, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed dose-related elevation, with maximal changes observed (>100-fold) at day 3 after treatment. Animals that received 250 µg/kg AFB1 showed concurrent bile duct proliferation, necrosis, and GST-P+ hepatocytes at 3 day, followed by liver GST-P+ foci appearance at 1 week. In repeated-dose protocol, bile duct proliferation and liver GST-P+ foci co-occurred after 3-week exposure to 75 µg/kg AFB1, followed by proliferation foci formation after 4 week and dramatic ALT, AST, and...
2012
Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) is a toxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi and commonly found contaminating foodstuffs such as cereals, nuts and spices. Once absorbed in the bloodstream, AFB 1 is metabolised into aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1) and excreted in the urine. This preliminary study aimed to extrapolate the AFM 1 level detected in human urine in estimating dietary AFB 1 exposure. Twenty-two adults were recruited randomly and morning urine samples were collected. The AFM 1 level was measured using direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AFM 1 was detected in all urine samples (mean ± SEM = 0.0421 ± 0.006 ng/ml; 95% CI = 0.0299-0.0544 ng/ml). The AFM 1 value was back-transformed to estimate dietary AFB 1 exposure. The mean estimated dietary AFB 1 exposure was 0.028 μg/day/kg BW and it was significantly different between educational level (z =-2.242; p = 0.025) and BMI (χ 2 = 6.883; p = 0.032). The estimated dietary AFB 1 exposure also showed significant positive correlation with the consumption of powdered milk (r = 0.435; p = 0.021), condensed milk (r = 0.522; p = 0.006) and peanuts (r = 0.390; p = 0.036). It can be postulated that human exposure to aflatoxin may involve many interrelated factors such as dietary habits, environmental and lifestyle factors. Since AFB 1 is classified as Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), this foodborne contamination could lead to many detrimental health effects. Therefore, findings from this study warrant further investigations to detect the sources and potential consequences of this contaminant exposure in Malaysia.
Abstract Seventy five samples of frozen meat, raw milk and poultry feed (25 samples each), were examined mycologically and for detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The results revealed that the isolated fungi represented 6 genera of moulds. The most prevalent fungi in these samples was the genus aspergillus (60%, 60% and 76%) with mean of count of (1.6 x 102 ± 0.1, 6.0 x 10 ± 0.23 and 3 x 102 ± 1.0), respectively, which was at the top of all isolated fungi . However, A. flavus was isolated form all kind of samples and that which isolated from feed produced aflatoxin B1 with mean level of (60 ± 0.1 ppb) followed by that isolated from frozen meat (9.5 ± 0.71 ppb), but those isolated from milk had the lowest AFB1 level (1.0 ± 0.1 ppb). The effect of dimethyl 4, 4- dimethoxy 5, 6, 5, 6- dimethylene dioxybiphenyl 2, 2- dicarboxylate (D.D.B.) in degradation of AF was evaluated by intraperitoneal injection of 30 rats with 1.5 ppm of AFB1 to evaluate their effect on haematological, biochemical and protein electrophoretic patterns of aflatocicated rats. The obtained results indicates an improvement in the haematological picture (Hb, RBCs and PCV) together with WBCs and differential leucocytic count of the treated rats compared with non treated ones. Also, biochemical analysis revealed significant changes in urea and creatinine levels; AST and ALT activities; total protein and protein electrophoretic patterns of treated rats. The administrated of DDB effectively improved haematological alterations and prevent serum biochemical changes, ameliorated, the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 and had hepatoprotective effect on AFB1 induced liver toxicity. [Life Science Journal 2010;7(3):148-153]. (ISSN: 1097-8135).
Aflatoxin B1 Production, Toxicity, Mechanism of Carcinogenicity, Risk Management, and Regulations
Archives of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2021
Aflatoxin B1 is released by A. flavus and A. parasiticus. It is well known strong carcinogenic substance with median lethal dose (TD50) of 3.2 μg per kg a day in rat model. Mechanism of AFB1 carcinogenicity has been defined. The carcinogenicity of AFB1 differs from species with certain species, e.g. monkeys and rats, reportedly mostly susceptible compared to the other species. In animals and humans, aflatoxin B1 has been shown to be teratogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressant. The worldwide maximum tolerated aflatoxin B1 levels was reported by the FAO to be within 1 to 20 μg per kg in food; 5 to 50 μg per kg in cattle feed. Aflatoxin B1 permeates via skin. Dermal exposures to AFB1 in specific conditions usually result in concerning health risk. Liver is organ mostly vulnerable to the toxicity of AFB1. AFB1 is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen that has its exposures linked to hepatocellular carcinoma development, tumors of the liver, particularly when simultaneously occurred with hepatitis B viral infection. The hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence in people exposed to aflatoxins, has shown to increase with simultaneous occurrence of hepatitis B viral infection. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of AFB1 is 0.3 to 17.9 mg per kg bw for many animals. Embryonic deaths and weakened development of embryo of Fabricius bursa in chicken by AFB1 was reported. Exposures to aflatoxin B1 is mostly taken care of with the measures directed at the prevention of crop contamination in field, handling in post-harvest, and also in storage, or through measures targeted at identifying and disinfecting contaminated foods and feeds, as well as the materials used in their preparation.
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2006
Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and T-2 toxin (T-2) are important food-borne mycotoxins that have been implicated in human health and as potential biochemical weapons threats. In this study the acute and combinative toxicity of AFB 1 and T-2 were tested in F-344 rats, mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), immortalized human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Preliminary experiments were conducted in order to assess the acute toxicity and to obtain LD 50 , LC 50 and IC 50 values for individual toxins in each model, respectively. This was followed by testing combinations of AFB 1 and T-2 to obtain LD 50 , LC 50 and IC 50 values for the combination in each model. All models demonstrated a significant dose response in the observed parameters to treatment. The potency of the mixture was gauged through the determination of the interaction index metric. The results of this study demonstrate that these two toxins interacted to produce alterations in the toxic responses generally classifiable as additive; however, a synergistic interaction was noted in the case of BEAS-2B. It can be gathered that this combination may pose a significant threat to public health and further research needs to be completed addressing alterations in metabolism and detoxification that may influence the toxic manifestations in combination.
Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 Towards the Inducing Alterations in the Liver Functions
Era's Journal of Medical Research
Since 2003, the world's developing countries are home to more than 5 billion people thought to be at danger of prolonged consumption of contaminated foods that are aflatoxic according to a number of study efforts conducted in South Africa, Egypt, and other countries in west and east Africa. Additionally, the presence occurrence of aflatoxins and their byproducts in animal tissues used to make food (such as beef and sheep meat) may contaminate human diets. As a result of their increasing prevalence, aflatoxins have recently been identified as a significant public health concern.Aflatoxins are dangerous second-generation byproducts of Aspergillus species. Due to their chemical makeup, the majority of aflatoxins are highly liposoluble substances that can be absorption from the exposed site, such as the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts, into the bloodstream, where they can then spread throughout the body and reach various organs, including the liver and kidneys. The primary ...
Poultry Science, 2009
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) on hepatic gene expression in male broiler chicks. Seventy-five 1-d-old male broiler chicks were assigned to 3 dietary treatments (5 replicates of 5 chicks each) from hatch to d 21. The diets contained 0, 1 and 2 mg of AFB 1 /kg of feed. Aflatoxin B 1 reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake, BW gain, serum total proteins, and serum Ca and P, but increased (P < 0.01) liver weights in a dose-dependent manner. Microarray analysis was used to identify shifts in genetic expression associated with the affected physiological processes in chicks fed 0 and 2 mg of AFB 1 / kg of feed to identify potential targets for pharmacological/toxicological intervention. A loop design was used for microarray experiments with 3 technical and 4 biological replicates per treatment group. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from liver tissue, and its quality was determined using gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. High-quality RNA was purified from DNA contamination, reverse transcribed, and hybridized to an oligonucleotide microarray chip. Microarray data were analyzed using a 2-step ANOVA model and validated by quantitative real-time PCR of selected genes. Genes with false discovery rates less than 13% and fold change greater than 1.4 were considered differentially expressed. Compared with controls (0 mg of AFB 1 /kg), various genes associated with energy production and fatty acid metabolism (carnitine palmitoyl transferase), growth and development (insulin-like growth factor 1), antioxidant protection (glutathione S transferase), detoxification (epoxide hydrolase), coagulation (coagulation factors IX and X), and immune protection (interleukins) were downregulated, whereas genes associated with cell proliferation (ornithine decarboxylase) were upregulated in birds fed 2 mg of AFB 1 /kg. This study demonstrates that AFB 1 exposure at a concentration of 2 mg/kg results in physiological responses associated with altered gene expression in chick livers.