Iron availability from infant food supplements (original) (raw)
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Iron Absorption from Infant Foods
Pediatric Research, 1989
To determine the bioavailability of iron from iron-fortified infant foods, we have determined erythrocyte incorporation of the stable isotope, 58Fe, after feeding the following foods extrinsically labeled with 58Fe: 1) rice cereal with apples and bananas ("cereal-fruit product"), 2) Mead Johnson Enriched Baby Food (MJEBF), a vitamin, mineral, and protein-enriched rice cereal, 3) vegetables and beef ("vegetable-beef product"), 4) grapejuice, and 5) MJEBF. Foods 1-4 were fortified with ferrous sulfate, and food 5 was fortified with ferrous fumarate. Blood was obtained at ages 140, 168, and 196 d of age, and the test meal was fed under standardized conditions at 154 d of age. Erythrocyte incorporation of the 58Fe label was determined from the increase in the mass isotope ratio, 58Fe/ 57Fe, from the baseline value (at 140 d of age) to the followup values. The mass isotope ratio was determined by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Geometric mean total iron incorporation into erythrocytes from the test meal of MJEBF fortified with ferrous sulfate (food 2) was 0.05 mg, and from the vegetable-beef product test meal (food 3) was 0.08 mg. The low value for MJEBF is presumably explained by the low level of iron fortification. The low value for the vegetable-beef product may reflect the presence of inhibitors of iron absorption. Geometric mean erythrocyte incorporations of iron from the test meals with foods 1, 4 and 5 were 0.15, 0.14, and 0.18 mg, respectively. These erythrocyte incorporation values are 20 to 26% of the estimated 0.7 mg requirement for absorbed iron, and therefore seem nutritionally important.
Iron intake and iron nutritional status of infants fed
2000
We compared iron intake and iron nutritional status oftwo groups of healthy term infants who received meat-containing baby foods fortified with ferrous sulphate (2 mg Fe/lOO g). One group received an Fe-fortified formula (1 .6 mg Fe/ 100 kcal) and the other a nonfortified formula. Fe intake ofthe group fed the nonfortified formula was significantly lower (p < 0.0001). These
Nutrire, 2016
Background: Preventing the development of iron deficiency anemia during infancy requires the appropriate complementary foods with high energy, nutrient density, and adequate iron content, as well as high nutrient bioavailability. We aimed to evaluate iron intake, bioavailability, and absorption from foods, in healthy infants and toddlers at a Well Child Clinic. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study evaluated 96 consecutive infants and toddlers, 6 to 12 months of age (group I) and 13 to 36 months of age (group II) that were brought for regular pediatric visits and introduced to complementary foods. Quantitative 24-h dietary recalls were obtained, and iron intakes quantified for lunch and dinner. Iron bioavailability and absorption were calculated and analyzed by Monsen's and FAO/WHO's methods according to enhancing factors: meat, poultry, and fish (MPF) and vitamin C. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic, clinical, and anthropometric variables between groups. Vitamin C intake was not different between groups, but MPF was significantly lower in group I. The proportion of children with recommended RDA iron intake was lower (p < 0.05) in group I (16 %) than that in group II (47 %). Group I had lesser MPF intake and iron absorption and a higher proportion of children with low bioavailability in lunch and dinner when compared to group II (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Inclusion of low-cost meat, especially chicken meat and vitamin C-rich foods, at the same meal, both in lunch and dinner, would be of particular advantage to ensure an adequate intake of bioavailable iron during complementary feeding.
Oral iron absorption in infantile protein-energy malnutrition
The Journal of Pediatrics, 1978
Oral iron absorption In infantile protein-energy malnutrition The ability of infants with protein-energy malnutrition to absorb iron was assessed using the serum iron response to a dose off errous sulfate providing 3 mg elemental iron per kg body weight. Responses were grouped as flat (6. senun Fe < 30 }Iog/cil), intermediate (30 to 100 Jig/dl), and normal (> 100 Ilg/dl). Of 25 consecutively admitted children studied, seven had a fla t. jive an intermediate, and 13 a normal cur ve (mean 6. serum Fe: 10 Ilg/dl, 66 p.g/dl. and 175 p.g/dl, respecti vely). There were no differences among the three groups in hematocrit, fasting serum iron or transferrin saturation, severity of malnutrition. or evidence of other malabsorption sufficient to explain these differences. Although hematocrits, fasting serum iron, arid transferrin saturations did not change appreciably during nutritional rehabilitation, all children with initially abnormal responses subsequently had normal tests.
The Journal of nutrition, 2007
Few studies have evaluated iron absorption in small children after the first year of life. Our objectives were to examine the relations among iron intake, iron absorption, and iron status in a group of healthy children. We studied 28 children, ages 12 to 48 mo, after a 7-d home adaptation to a diet representative of their usual daily mineral intake. A multi-tracer stable isotope study was performed to assess iron absorption both from a meal ((58)Fe) and from a reference iron dose ((57)Fe) given with ascorbic acid without a meal. Iron intake was 6.9 +/- 2.4 mg, approximately the 35th percentile of typical U.S. intakes. Absorption of (58)Fe was related to serum ferritin (r(2) = 0.319, P = 0.0018) and more so to reference dose iron absorption (r(2) = 0.653, P < 0.0001). Iron absorption was negatively correlated with zinc intake (r(2) = 0.090, P = 0.0049) but was not correlated with iron intake (P = 0.20). However, zinc intake was not correlated with measures of iron status, includin...
Use of iron supplements in infancy: a field trial
PubMed, 1987
Iron-deficiency anaemia in infancy, which is an important public health problem even in countries where gross malnutrition is not prevalent, can be prevented by iron supplementation or by fortification of infant foods with iron. A programme of iron supplementation was carried out in two places in Israel through the Maternal and Child Health services in the course of their routine duties. Though 89% of the mothers complied and gave iron supplements to their infants for a period of 1-9 months, only 26% continued for the full 9 months. A stastically significant difference was found in the haemoglobin and mean erythrocyte volume levels between the iron-supplemented group and the controls. The results indicate that the use of a higher daily dose of iron for a shorter period might lead to better compliance and greater benefits.
Iron balance and iron nutrition in infancy
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement, 2003
At birth, the total body iron content is approximately 75 mg/kg, twice that of an adult man in relation to weight. During the first 6 mo of life, total iron body content increases slightly and exclusive breastfeeding is sufficient to maintain an optimal iron balance. Thereafter, iron body content substantially increases and the infant becomes critically dependent on dietary iron, provided by complementary foods. Numerous factors may contribute to nutritional iron deficiency in infancy, the most important being low body iron content at birth, blood loss, high postnatal growth rate, and a low amount and/or bioavailability of dietary iron. We have documented that the prevalence of iron deficiency declined in Italy as iron nutrition improved and that early feeding on fresh cow's milk is the single most important determinant of iron deficiency in infancy. Healthy full-term infants should maintain optimal iron balance by consuming a good diet, which can be summarized as follows: breas...
Bioavailability of iron glycine as a fortificant in infant foods
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998
The bioavailability of iron glycine added to a vegetable infant weaning food was compared with ferrous sulfate. Stable, isotopically labeled compounds (57 Fe or 58 Fe) were mixed into the midday meal (1.4 mg added Fe/serving) and fed to 9-moold infants on alternate days for 8 d. Bioavailability, expressed as a percentage of the dose consumed, was measured from isotopic enrichment of hemoglobin 14 d after the last test meal. There was no difference between iron glycine and ferrous sulfate (x-± SEM): 9.0 ± 0.7% and 9.9 ± 0.8%, respectively. The effect of chelation was examined by measuring iron bioavailability of iron glycine and ferrous sulfate added to a high-phytate (310 mg/100 g) whole-grain cereal weaning food and comparing it with a lower-phytate (147 mg/100 g) vegetable food, as used in the first study. Both iron compounds had lower bioavailability from the high-phytate food, 5.2 ± 0.5% for iron glycine and 3.8 ± 0.9% for ferrous sulfate, than the lower-phytate food, 9.8 ± 1.5% for iron glycine and 9.1 ± 1.3% for ferrous sulfate. The results showed no significant difference in bioavailability between the two forms of iron when added to infant weaning foods, suggesting that the glycine complex was fully or partially dissociated in the gastrointestinal tract. It is concluded that chelation does not improve the bioavailability of iron in the presence of dietary inhibitors.
The Journal of nutrition, 2005
After 1 y of distributing a milk-based fortified weaning food provided by the Mexican social program PROGRESA, positive effects on physical growth, prevalence of anemia, and several vitamin deficiencies were observed. There was no effect on iron status, which we hypothesized was related to the poor bioavailability of the reduced iron used as a fortificant in PROGRESA. The objective of this study was to compare the iron bioavailability from different iron sources added as fortificants to the weaning food. Children (n = 54) aged 2-4 y were randomly assigned to receive 44 g of the weaning food fortified with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA. Iron absorption was measured using an established double-tracer isotopic methodology. Iron absorption from ferrous sulfate (7.9 +/- 9.8%) was greater than from either ferrous fumarate (2.43 +/- 2.3%) or reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA (1.4 +/- 1.3%) (P < 0.01). The absorption of log-(58)Fe sulfate given with the iron sourc...