Three-dimensional Doppler Ultrasound in Obtaining Cardiac Output (original) (raw)

Abstract

PURPOSE To test the accuracy of real-time 3D angle-independent measurements of volume flow at cardiac blood flow rates. METHOD AND MATERIALS We utilized a 4D (real-time 3D) color Doppler ultrasound scanner (Vivid 7, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) equipped with a 2D phased array (3V, GE Healthcare) to acquire bench top cardiac-type output under pulsatile flow conditions. In 3D, the color flow constant-depth plane (C-plane) resolution was 3 and 2.25 pixels/cm in the lateral and elevational directions respectively, while recording 10 volumes/second. Experiments were performed with a 2.5-cm diameter, thin-walled latex tube mounted in a water tank. Blood-mimicking fluid (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA) was circulated at up to 108 mL/s using a calibrated cardiac bypass pump set at 60 and 80 beats/min. Data was acquired randomly throughout the pump cycle with sweeps of 10, 25, 50, and 100 volumes. For each acquisition, a mean volume flow estimate was computed from C-plane integration and Doppler po...

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