Cricket balls: construction, non-linear visco-elastic properties, quality control and implications for the game (original) (raw)
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Studies on the Oblique Impact of a Cricket Ball on a Cricket Pitch
The Engineering of Sport 6, 2006
The surface on to which a bowler projects a ball in the game of cricket is termed the pitch and is a source of great concern to players, commentators and spectators alike. The pitch is a carefully prepared strip of natural turf of fundamental importance to the play of the game, yet the understanding of the factors that lead to good pitch construction remains limited. In order to ascertain why some cricket pitches are perceived to perform well whilst others cause difficulties, the mechanics of the oblique impact of the ball on the pitch have been explored. This study presents the development of a normal impact model to the oblique impact scenario. A coefficient of dynamic friction and an analysis of the pitch crater were used to predict the ball's rebound dynamics. Model parameters were determined from simple surface testing procedures and model predictions were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Development of a fast-solving numerical model for the structural analysis of cricket balls
Sports Technology, 2008
In cricket, high speed impacts occur between the cricket ball, the bat, players and their protective equipment. Improved understanding of impact dynamics has the potential to significantly improve the development of cricket equipment and also contribute to improving the player safety and performance. In particular, the development of high performance cricket balls with enhanced structural properties (e.g. improved durability) would benefit greatly from such insight. This article presents the development of two fast-solving numerical models as well as a universal FE model for the structural analysis of cricket balls. The models were developed using experimental data obtained from drop tests and high speed impact tests. These models predict impact characteristics with very little computing cost. A universal Finite Element (FE) ball model has also been developed using ABAQUS, which combines an FE model template and a material parameter selection tool based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. This approach allows for rapid model development while producing accurate results at different impact speeds. Comparison of results revealed good agreement between simulation and experimental results. The developed FE-ANN model can be used to predict the impact behaviour of different types of cricket balls under various dynamic conditions. This flexibility represents an advantage that can be utilized by sports equipment developers to rapidly develop different cricket ball models needed for inclusion in larger simulations involving impact of a cricket ball with other objects. This represents an invaluable tool for facilitating design, analysis and structural optimisation of cricket-related sport equipment.
An Examination of Cricket Bat Performance
2009
The aims of this study were to experimentally measure and numerically describe the performance of cricket bats and balls. A dynamic finite element model was employed to simulate the bat-ball impact. The ball was modeled as a linear viscoelastic material which provided the mechanism of energy loss during impact. An experimental test apparatus was developed to measure the performance of cricket bats and balls under dynamic impact conditions representative of play. Experiments were conducted to measure the elasticity and hardness of the cricket balls as a function of incoming speed. A batperformance measure was derived in terms of an ideal batted-ball speed based on play conditions. The model found good agreement with experimental data for a number of impact conditions. A composite skin, applied to the back of some bats, was observed to increase performance experimentally and in the numerical model. While different treatments and designs typical of cricket bats had a measurable effect ...
Development of an FE model of a cricket ball
Procedia Engineering, 2011
Studies of impact dynamics of cricket balls have the potential of significantly improving the development of cricket equipment and also contribute to improving the player's safety and performance. This work presents the development of a detailed multi-layer FE model for the structural analysis of cricket balls. The model was derived using experimental data obtained from tests developed for this purpose, including drop tests and high speed impact tests. The multi-layer, multi-material FE model was constructed using ABAQUS. Calibration of the model involves a multidisciplinary optimization technique. Comparison shows good agreement between experimental results and predictions from the refined model.
Numerical Analysis of Bat-Ball Collision Performance in Cricket
International Journal of Mining, Metallurgy & Mechanical Engineering (IJMMME), 2013
Experimental tests in the case of bat performance in some sports like baseball and cricket is costly and tedious. In this paper a three dimensional modeling of ball and bat is generated and computational finite element method used to predict the performance of baseball bat. This could be useful for bat designers to use from these results achieved by computational soft wares in order to reduce cost and time spending. A finite element modeling is done in software ANSYS/LSDYNA version 971 R.4.2 that is used to explicit dynamic problems. The ball is created by viscoelastic material and using an orthotropic material for baseball bat the ball exit velocity should be then quantified. Performing modal analysis to bat, the region indicated between first and second fundamental modes of vibration and where the ball has maximum exit velocity is compared. The results will be shown graphically in the case of stress exerted to the bat and modal analysis in transient mode, and graphs will show the ball exit velocity for six different points on bat as the contact locations.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
This study aimed to develop a methodology for accurate determination of the impact location of a cricket ball on the bat face, as well as the identification of bat-ball contact timing and post-impact instantaneous ball velocity in a whole body kinematic data collection environment. Three-dimensional kinematic data of bat and ball were recorded during fourteen batting strokes; eight hitting a static ball and six against a bowling machine. Curves were fitted separately to the pre-and post-impact phases of the ball position data against time in three axes according to logarithmic equations determined from mechanical principles. Separate Fourier series models were similarly fitted to the four corners of the bat face against time during the downswing prior to ball impact. Time of impact for the dynamic ball trials was determined based upon the intersection of preand post-impact curves, with impact location calculated from ball and bat face curves at this time. R 2 values for the goodness of fit of the ball and bat curves averaged 0.99 ± 0.04 and 1.00 ± 0.00 with root mean square errors of 7.5 ± 2.6 and 0.8 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. Calculated impact locations were assessed against measured impact locations derived from the impression imparted to a fine powder coating on the bat face, finding absolute differences of 6.4 ± 4.2 and 7.1 ± 4.4 mm in the transverse and longitudinal axes of the bat, respectively. Thus, an automated curve fitting methodology enables the accurate determination of cricket bat-ball impact characteristics for use in experimental investigations.
Inertial and Vibration Characteristics of a Cricket bat
vibrationdata.com
A number of popular sports such as tennis, badminton and baseball have benefited from extensive research in sporting equipment . Bat performance means the ball exit velocity obtained after hit. Experimental assessment of bat performance is costly and tedious work. In this paper, a computational finite element modeling approach was used to predict the performance of the cricket bat. The dynamic interaction of a cricket ball and a bat are computationally modeled using commercially available software ANSYS/LSDYNA. A finite element model of a ball is created using a Visco elastic material model. When this ball model is used with finite element orthotropic model of cricket bat the ball exit velocity is quantified. Modal analysis is also done to locate the region between the two nodes of fundamental modes of vibration. The relationship between the region between the nodes and the region which produces maximum velocity is established. This modeling procedure yields a credible methodology for bat designers to use finite element methods to characterise cricket bat performance. This paper will provide an overview of the factors such as mass, moment of inertia, coefficient of restitution(COR), location of fundamental vibration node, location that are relevant to the design of cricket bats including related theoretical and empirical studies.
Finite element analysis of impact between cricket ball and cantilever beam
Procedia Engineering, 2011
This paper presents an explicit finite element analysis of a cricket ball impacting against a cantilever beam. The model was developed using ABAQUS and was defined in accordance with experimental data. The model is used to determine contact properties associated with impact between cricket balls and sports equipment such as helmets. The developed model was validated through experimental impact tests where the ball was made to impact a cantilever beam at inbound velocities of approximately 17, 23, 38 and 44 m/s. The model's simulation results agreed reasonably well with the experimental results. The friction effects between the cricket ball and the cantilever beam have been considered, and a friction coefficient of 0.2 was adopted for the model. This study is part of a major research project examining the performance of a range of cricket helmets. It is envisaged that the model will be used for design customization and optimization of cricket helmets and other types of protective helmets.
Review of the Dynamic Behaviour of Sports Balls during Normal and Oblique Impacts
In this paper are review of impact experiment to study the dynamic behaviour of sports ball during oblique and normal impacts. In previous studies, the investigation was done on the dynamic behaviour of a sports ball during oblique and normal impacts from experimental, numerical, and theoretical viewpoints. The experimental results are analysed and compared with the theories, in order to understand the dynamics behaviours based on the phenomenological occurrence. Throughout the experimental studies previously, there are results of dynamics behaviours examined by many researchers such as the coefficient of restitution, tangential coefficient, local deformation, dynamic impact force, contact time, angle of impact (inbound and rebound), spin rate of the ball, ball stiffness and damping coefficient which dependable of the initial or impact velocity.
Experimental and Computer Modeling to Characterize the Performance of Cricket Bats
2008
by Harsimranjeet Singh, M.S. Washington State University December 2008 Chair: Lloyd V. Smith The performance of cricket bats depend upon the properties of cricket balls, bat swing speed, and the nature of the wood. An experimental test apparatus was developed to measure the performance of cricket bats and balls representative of play conditions. Experiments were carried out to measure the coefficient of restitution (COR) and hardness of the cricket balls. The ball COR and hardness of seam impacts was slightly higher than face impacts (~1%). Thus bat performance and durability should be insensitive to ball orientation. A bat performance measure was derived in terms of an ideal batted-ball speed (BBS) based on play conditions. The average performance of four bats was nearly unchanged from knock-in (a common treatment to new cricket bats), (knock-in decreased performance <0.1%). Wood species also had a small effect on the bat performance. A composite skin, applied to the back of som...