An international cooperative programme indicates the widespread occurrence of ozone injury on crops (original) (raw)
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IMPACTS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE ON CROP LOSSES IN
PhD Thesis, Dept. of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, 2010
IMPACTS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE ON CROP LOSSES IN BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, MYMENSINGH M.T. Islam ABSTRACT A study was conducted during April 2007 to May 2009 to examine the ozone status, its effects on crops and to mitigate ozone losses in Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus, Mymensingh. Ozone concentrations were measured at 4 weeks interval using passive samplers. The first pair of passive samplers were exposed April’07 and continued 5 times till December’07. Experimental result showed that ozone concentrations were recorded as 16.75 - 34.75 ppb. Two pair of passive samplers were exposed during January and April 2008 where the ozone concentrations were within 19.75 - 34.75 ppb. In 2009 the passive samplers were exposed upto 4 times (January-April) and found that ozone concentrations varied from 17.25 to 36.25 ppb. The variations of ozone concentrations in the month of January of 2008 and 2009 were between 17.25 - 19.75 ppb. The ozone concentrations in the month of April of 2007 2008 and 2009 ranged from 29 to 36.25 ppb. There was also a good positive correlation between the ozone concentration with temperatures and total sunshine hour. The same application ensured negative correlations with the RH values. Ozone biomonitoring study used O3 sensitive (NC-S) and O3 resistant (NC-R) white clover genotypes and worked on the principle that the difference in plant foliar injury as well as the biomass ratio between the O3 sensitive and O3 resistant clover genotypes can be directly related to the prevalent O3 concentrations during the exposure period. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons starting from April 2007 to January 2009. Virus-free clover cuttings 7-10 cm long, with 3- 4 leaf nodes were planted in 1l pots in glasshouse and 15 l volume white pots with 30 cm diameter. The injury assessments were made on the same day per week. The experimental results revealed that the ozone-resistant clover genotype NC-R had on average a higher biomass as compared to the biomass of the ozone-sensitive clover genotype NC-S at all harvests. Accordingly, the biomass ratio NC-S/NC-R genotype was between 0.50 and 0.69, and 0.75 and 0.87 in the first and second experiment respectively. However, the difference in the average biomass per pot between the two genotypes was only significant at harvest 2nd, 3rd and 4th of the 2007 and harvest 2nd and 3rd of the 2007/08 growing period. The medium foliar injury class of the NC-S plants varied slightly during the growing periods with the peak damage being reported for the 2nd harvest during the 2007 and the 2nd and 4th harvest during the 2007/08 experiment. The median injury score never exceeded injury score class 1. The NC-R plants never expressed ozone-induced foliar injury. Chemical protectant study using ethylenediurea (EDU) was also carried out with local crop varieties such as potato, mungbean and Indian spinach. Fifty percent of the plants were treated with EDU solution freshly prepared in deionized water. An EDU-concentration of 300 ppm was applied to spinach, whereas mungbean and potato required a concentration of 400 ppm EDU. The EDU application was repeated every 10 days up to the maturity of reproductive parts with an increasing amount of solution after every second treatment. Control plants (approx. 20) were treated with the similar amount of deionized water. The weekly injury symptoms were assessed on the same day per week. EDU treated potato plants showed better growth and yield attributes than that of potato plant cultivated without EDU. During the potato growing period the ozone concentrations was comparatively lower (16.75 ppb in December 227), so only 2 plants showed medium injuries. Mungbean plant cultivated with EDU produced highest plant height, no. of branch/plant, no. of leaves/plant, no. of pod/plant and dry wt./plant. Mungbean plant cultivated without EDU showed lower plant attributes. Visual ozone injury on mungbean plant was also observed with 20% of plants (cultivated without EDU) suffering from ozone injury. Indian spinach plant grown with EDU also produced higher growth attributes such as plant height, no. of branch/plant, no. of leaves/plant, leaf length and leaf breath. The fresh weight and total dry matter (TDM) were also higher in Indian spinach plant grown with EDU than that of crop grown without EDU. Forty percent of the plants showed visual ozone injury and 2 plants produced medium level of injury. Plant cultivated with EDU showed no injuries on leaves which enhance the fresh leaves of Indian spinach. However, it may be concluded that the prevailing O3 concentrations at the experimental site led to a decrease of crops biomass.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF GROUND LEVEL OZONE ON AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.pdf
This study assesses the adverse impact of tropospheric ozone (O3) on agricultural crops in the UK by calculating AOT40 (ozone concentrations Accumulated Over a ozone (O3) on agricultural crops in the UK by calculating Threshold of 40 ppb) values, determining Relative Yield (RY) and Percent Yield Loss (%YL) using yield response models. This study is based on O3 data collected from 23 Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) sites, over a 5 years period from 2010 to 2014. AOT40 values calculated over 3 month period (May to July) for 12 h daily light (0800 to 2000) and averaged over the most recent 5 years have exceeded the critical level (6000 µg/m 3 h) in some parts of the UK. Using yield response functions RY and % YL were calculated for 4 major crops (wheat, rapeseed, potato, and sugar beet) in the UK. Highest %YL occurred in the rural areas of eastern England, where up to 7% and 12% reduction was caused in the yield of wheat and rapeseed, respectively by O3 pollution. The eastern and southeast parts of England are sunnier and are influenced by regional O3 from the polluted areas of northern Europe, therefore are subject to higher levels of O3. Similarly 2% and 5% losses were estimated in the yield of sugar beet and potato, respectively. The total estimated economical loss due to reduction in the yield of these crops caused by O3 pollution sums up to nearly £300 million per annum in the UK.
Tropospheric Ozone and its Impacts on Crop Plants
2018
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Atmospheric Environment, 2006
Within the scope of a biomonitoring study conducted in twelve urban agglomerations in eight European countries, the ozone-sensitive bioindicator plant Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bel-W3 was employed in order to assess the occurrence of phytotoxic ozone effects at urban, suburban, rural and traffic-exposed sites. The tobacco plants were exposed to ambient air for biweekly periods at up to 100 biomonitoring sites from 2000 to 2002. Special emphasis was placed upon methodological standardisation of plant cultivation, field exposure and injury assessment. Ozone-induced leaf injury showed a clearly increasing gradient from northern and northwestern Europe to central and southern European locations. The strongest ozone impact occurred at the exposure sites in Lyon and Barcelona, while in Edinburgh, Sheffield, Copenhagen and Du¨sseldorf only weak to moderate ozone effects were registered. Between-site differences within local networks were relatively small, but seasonal and inter-annual differences were strong due to the variability of meteorological conditions and related ozone concentrations.
ASSESSMENT OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE (O 3 ) IMPACTS ON CROPS-REVIEW
Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Science, 2007
During 1980s and 1990s there was severe problems about the dying loss of forest plants in Europe, and finally they detected – O 3 and some heavy metals responsibilities on it. They also confirmed that O 3 demaged to 20-30 crops in the fields, and such O 3 impacts are also detected from most countries of Europe. Recently, O 3 injury has also identified from many crops of Asia, Africa and USA. O 3 widely reduced the crop yields and the injury symptoms are well identical to each crop. In Bangladesh no work has been done on O 3 injury or other crops at different parts of the country. This review work will be treated as guideline or open the door for handling of O 3 research on crops, vegetables, fruits, graties, forests plants in Bangladesh. O 3 decreased the crop yields even showing no injury symptoms to crops. Usually, O 3 injury symptoms are visible with presence of high concentrations in air
Impact of Tropospheric Ozone on Crop Plants
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2012
Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is the most important regional atmospheric pollutant causing risk to food production across the globe due to its phytotoxicity and prevalence over agricultural areas. Peak O 3 concentrations have declined in Europe and North America due to reductions in precursors during the last decades, however, emissions of O 3 precursors have increased in Asia. The current critical level of ozone is determined by the threshold for yield loss which is based on the seasonal sum of the external concentration above 40 ppb. In the present article, the impact of tropospheric O 3 on crop photosynthesis, defense mechanism, growth, reproductive processes and yield of crop plants have been documented. O 3 upon its entry into the leaf intercellular spaces rapidly forms reactive oxygen species and reacts with components of the leaf apoplast to initiate a complex set of responses that constitute variable countermeasures by antioxidative enzymes. Ozone affects photosynthetic process by influencing photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and electron transport as well as carbon fixation in terms of decreased Rubisco activity and quantity. Translocation and allocation pattern of photosynthate also get influenced under O 3 , which affect reproductive processes and yield of crops. Plant species and cultivars exhibit a range of sensitivity to O 3 , which is identifiable in terms of biochemical, physiological, molecular and yield responses. Hence, understanding of cultivar sensitivity in context to O 3 would be helpful in development of potential O 3 biomarkers and O 3 tolerant variables.
Yield responses of plants exposed to ambient ozone in the river Po Valley (Italy)
Agronomie, 2001
Experiments with plants grown in filtered and unfiltered open-top chambers have been conducted for a decade at two sites in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). Substantial yield losses were often recorded, showing a varying sensitivity between plants (forage, horticultural and semi-natural plants). The response to ambient air ozone doses seems moreover connected to air temperature and humidity. The need for incorporating selected modifying factors in level-II ozone critical levels is advocated for regions, like the Po Valley, where peculiar climatic conditions and high concentrations of ozone are usually present. ozone / crops / yield / Italy / open-top chambers Résumé-Réponse en relation à la productivité de plantes exposées à l'ozone dans la Vallée du Pô (Italie). Pendant une dizaine d'années on a effectué des essais sur les plantes cultivées en chambres à ciel ouvert avec air filtré et non filtré, installées dans deux postes situés dans la Vallée du Pô (Italie du Nord). On a souvent observé des pertes importantes sur la récolte des plantes exposées à des taux élevés d'ozone (air ambiant non filtré) malgré une diversité entre les espèces utilisées (plantes fourragères, horticoles et demi-naturelles). La réponse aux doses d'ozone troposphérique peut être aussi modifiée par la température et l'humidité de l'air. Il est nécessaire d'incorporer plusieurs facteurs différents de modification dans la formulation des niveaux critiques pour l'ozone (niveau II). Cela est surtout important pour des régions géographiques, telles la Vallée du Pô, où les conditions climatiques particulières et de hautes concentrations d'ozone sont une caractéristique durant l'été. ozone / plantes cultivées / production agricole / Italie / chambres à ciel ouvert During the last decade coordinated networks of field experiments with open-top chambers in the USA and in Northern and Central Europe produced a database for
Ozone distribution in central Italy and its effect on crop productivity
Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2002
The focus of the present study was to assess the ozone levels in a typical area of the Mediterranean basin, viz. Tuscany (central Italy). Eighty-thousand hourly mean ozone concentrations were recorded by 10 automatic analysers in the districts of Florence, Pisa, Lucca and Prato, from May to September 1995 to 1997. The highest daily mean concentrations were reached in Florence, with a maximum hourly average of 197 ppb. In Lucca and Pisa, the peaks were close to 100 ppb. Data from Prato were much lower. Long-term critical levels for vegetation, as set by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), were constantly exceeded in Florence and Pisa, occasionally in Lucca, never in Prato. The results were used to fit exposure/yield response relationships proposed by UNECE and US National Crop Loss Assessment Network for some important crops. The estimated yield losses varied in Florence from 8% for corn and alfalfa to 27% for soybean, in Pisa from 5% for corn to 24% for soybean, in Lucca from 3% for corn to 17% for soybean. A preliminary economic estimate for corn, wheat, barley, soybean, tomato and alfalfa, calculated annual damage to be 4.6 M Euro in Florence, 0.5 M Euro in Lucca and 3 M Euro in Pisa. The picture must be regarded as only partial, as exposure/yield response relationships for important Italian crops (such as grapevine and vegetables) are not available.