Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Urmia, Iran in 2012 (original) (raw)
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Maternal outcomes of intimate partner violence during pregnancy: study in Iran
Public health, 2014
To investigate the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women and its relationship with adverse maternal outcomes, including preterm labour, abortion, caesarean section, antenatal hospitalization and vaginal bleeding, in the West Azerbaijan, Iran. Cross-sectional design. In total, 1300 pregnant women, aged 18-39 years, who were referred to hospitals in the Iranian cities of Miandoab and Mahabad in the province of West Azerbaijan in 2009-2010 were recruited for this study by a convenience sampling method. Participants were asked to share their experiences of IPV during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes. Of these pregnant women, 945 (72.8%) reported that they had experienced IPV during their last pregnancy. A significant association was found between IPV and preterm labour [adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-2.03], caesarean section (adjOR 11.84, 95% CI 6.37-22.02), antenatal hospitalization (adjOR 6.34, 95% CI 3.82-10.5...
Background: Domestic violence refers to any type of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse enforced in the setting of familial relationships. Domestic violence has a significant relationship with poor outcome among pregnant women. Success in resolving this social phenomenon rests on accurate assessment of the society and the factors associated with violence in that specific community. Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess the demographic characteristics of pregnant women exposed to different types of domestic violence during pregnancy in Iranian setting. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional study. Sampling was done with convenience sampling method. in the current study, 301 pregnant women aged 15-45 years of Iranian nationality who were referred to the hospital for delivery or abortion, regardless of the gestational age, were selected as the subjects. Data collection tools consisted of a sociodemographic questionnaire and a violence checklist. Violence was assessed using Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics on SPSS version 16 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and STATA version 10. The characteristics of the participants were presented as mean ± SD or number and percentage. Differences between variables were determined by the χ2 test, and multivariate logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: According to the findings, 34.56% of participants had experienced psychological violence, 28.24% physical violence, and 3.65% sexual violence. Multivariate logistic regression revealed a statistically significant relationship only in the case of physical violence and history of penal conviction for partner (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 12.60) and a patriarchal household (AOR = 16.75). Conclusions: As domestic violence is greatly influenced by the customs and cultures of each community, no single strategy can be adopted to resolve it universally. Simultaneously, it is necessary to adopt comprehensive measures to control factors associated with domestic violence in the healthcare, judiciary, and the educational systems in order to prevent and curb this social challenge.
Journal of Family Violence, 2007
Background: The prevalence of domestic violence (DV), men's violence against women during pregnancy is very high, and is associated with significant psychological and physical impairment of mother and the fetus. Objective: The major objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of DV among expectant mothers who had attended in Iran University of Medical Sciences' (IUMS) hospitals. Design: This is a cross sectional study, in which the subjects were interviewed by using a standard questionnaire. Sample: 1800 subjects were selected, by using consecutive sampling in 6 major hospitals of IUMS. Results: The prevalence of DV was found to be 60.6%, including 3 types of physical, psychological and sexual, with the prevalence of 14.6%, 60.5% and 23.5% respectively. Severe physical DV was 43.3. Severe psychological and sexual DV were also found (24.2 and 3.5%). Conclusion: DV had a high prevalence in this study. It is recommended that all accessible pregnant women be screened for DV. Study of the prevalence of DV within the community with a larger sample size, and using cluster sampling method would be of immense value.
Electronic Physician, 2017
Background: Pregnancy by itself, imposes great physical and psychological pressures on a person and consequently, coupled with other stressors such as violence, can have adverse effects on the fetus and mother. Objective: To assess the prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant women and maternal and infants' outcomes. Methods: This is a descriptive study using a questionnaire. Data were collected from 725 women who delivered their babies at Shariati Hospital in Bandar Abbas in the summer and autumn of 2013. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: demographic characteristics, factors affecting violence, areas of violence (physical, emotional, sexual) and maternal and fetal outcomes. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 18 using descriptive statistics, ttest, Chi-square, and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of physical, sexual and psychological violence were 6.5, 14.8 and 9.9 %, respectively. The variables of age, duration of marriage, previous marriage experience and the husband's addiction, had a significant relationship with applying physical violence of the husband. There was significant correlation between physical violence and maternal outcomes (p<0.000). There was a statistically significant association between physical violence and low birth weight and growth delay in the uterus (p=0.033). Conclusion: Due to the relatively high violence in pregnancy, and its impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes, it is suggested that violence screening programs in the health system and educating health professionals and women at risk and also the implementation of programs to protect these women, can be effective in reducing the cycle of violence and its negative consequences.
Journal of Family and Community Medicine, 2015
Background and Aim: Violence against women during pregnancy is linked to poor outcome of pregnancy, which is reported to have widespread in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical violence against women by an intimate partner during pregnancy, and to assess the impact of this physical violence on pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on the characteristics of pregnant women in urban areas and related violence. The modified standard World Health Organization Domestic Violence Questionnaire was used to classify pregnant women and domestic violence. A total of 1461 pregnant women were selected using cluster sampling. The association between sociodemographic with intimate partner violence (IPV) and IPV with pregnancy outcomes was determined using logistic regression. Results: Of these, 206 (14.1%) (confidence interval = 12.3-15.9) reported physical IPV during pregnancy. The adjusted odds ratio for IPV in illiterate women or those with primary level of education (0.001), secondary level education (0.003), and in low income households (0.0001) were significantly higher than in those women with university level education and in higher income households. After adjusting for suspected confounding factors, the women with a history of violence by partners had 1.9 fold risk of premature rupture of membranes, and a 2.9 fold risk of low birth weight compared to women who did not experience any violence from their partners. Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that the prevalence of IPV was high among pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the screening of pregnant women at Primary Health Centers to prevent physical abuse.
Domestic violence against pregnant women in Iran
Objective: To determine the relationship between preterm birth and domestic violence against pregnant women in Iran. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 600 women who were hospitalized for giving birth in one of hospitals affiliated to Tehran Medical Science University in Iran, between September 9, 2010 and December 30, 2010. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee affiliated with Tehran University, Iran. We applied Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) Questionnaire. Results: A total of 338 participants (56.3%) declared to experience domestic violence during pregnancy. Psychological violence was the most common form of violence against these women in postpartum (51.3%), and followed by physical violence (5%). Prevalence rate of premature labor was 37.7% among all women in this study which 63.3% of this rate belongs to abuse women. Conclusion: It is noted that healthcare providers with screening violence during pregnancy and assessing the prevalence, consequences, and possible interventions may help to reduce domestic violence against pregnant women.
World Journal of Medical Sciences
Purpose: Violence in pregnancy period directly or indirectly affects the consequences of pregnancy. The researchers have conducted this study with the purpose of determining the domestic violence amount in women given birth in Kermanshah city of Iran. Methods: This study conducted by cross-sectional method on 404 women given birth who were hospitalized in educational hospitals of Kermanshah city in 2011-2012. The tools of data collection was an 81-item questionnaire with alpha Cronbach’s content validity and stability of 80% for the study of domestic violence and a 27-item questionnaire for the examination of personal information. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results revealed that in 78.5% (305 individuals) of the samples aged 20 to 35. 40.8% (161 individuals) were reported to have natural delivery and 59.2 (234 ones) used Caesarian operation, and in 26% (101 persons) we had unwanted pregnancy. The overall amount of violence among the indivi...
2002
Objective: To identify, appraise and synthesize research evidence on the prevalence of domestic violence (DV) among pregnant women in Nigeria. Method: We conducted a systematic review of all published studies between April 2004 and June 2016. Comprehensive searches were conducted on electronic databases such as: PubMed, CINAHL, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and electronic libraries of the authors' institution. Identified articles were screened in two stages against the inclusion criteria with titles and abstract screened first followed by full-text screening. Selected articles were assessed using the 'Guidelines for evaluating prevalence studies' and findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Among 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria, two articles were excluded due to low methodological quality, and 17 articles were included in the review. The prevalence of DV during pregnancy in Nigeria ranged between 2.3%-44.6% with lifetime prevalence rates ranging between 33.1%-63.2%. Physical, sexual and financial abuses were the most frequent types of DV reported in this review. The most common perpetrators were husbands, as reported in 11 out of 17 studies. Pregnant women between the ages of 20-30 years were the most common victims of DV. Conclusion: Our review provides evidence of relatively high prevalence of DV among pregnant women in Nigeria. The findings have important implications for stakeholders such as planners, policymakers, maternity care providers, and researchers in public health and social policy at national, regional, and international levels towards combating the issue.
Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: analysis of prevalence data from 19 countries
Reproductive Health Matters, 2010
We aimed to describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy across 19 countries, and examine trends across age groups and UN regions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (20 surveys from 15 countries) and the International Violence Against Women Surveys (4 surveys from 4 countries) carried out between 1998 and 2007. Our data suggest that intimate partner violence during a pregnancy is a common experience. The prevalence of IPV during pregnancy ranged from approximately 2.0% in Australia, Cambodia, Denmark and the Philippines to 13.5% in Uganda among ever-pregnant, ever-partnered women; half of the surveys estimated prevalence to be between 3.9 and 8.7%. Prevalence appeared to be higher in African and Latin American countries relative to the European and Asian countries surveyed. In most settings, prevalence was relatively constant in the younger age groups (age 15-35), and then appeared to decline very slightly after age 35. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is more common than some maternal health conditions routinely screened for in antenatal care. Global initiatives to reduce maternal mortality and improve maternal health must devote increased attention to violence against women, particularly violence during pregnancy.
International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences
Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the first post¬partum year and its predictive factors in an urban area of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 398 women with a healthy infant aged 12 months were examined using revised Conflict Tactics Scale (the CTS2) to determine the prevalence of IPV. The data were collected at the public health centers in Tabriz (from October 2015 to April 2016). The predictors were determined using multivariate binary logistic regression. Results: More than half of the women (58%) reported experience of one or more instances of any form of IPV, namely, psychological, physical, sexual, and/or injury and one-third of them reported physical and/or sexual IPV in the first postpartum year. Reported prevalence of each form of IPV were as follows: psychological aggression (54%), physical assault (21%), sexual coercion (21%), and injury (13%). Predictor factors of overall IPV were: woman aged less than 30 years (adjusted odds ratio 2.0 [95% CI: 1.3 to 3.3]), unplanned pregnancy (1.6 [1.03 to 2.6]), husband disappointment about their baby's gender [1.9 (1.1 to 3.2)], and inability to fully meet the husband's sexual expectations (1.6 [1.03 to 2.4]). Conclusions: The IPV during postpartum is very common. Therefore, it is recommended to implement IPV screening programs and effective strategies for IPV prevention in the health care settings for newly delivered women emphasizing on the high risk for the women.