Formulation and Performance Studies of Polymer Bonded Explosives (PBX) Containing Energetic Binder Systems. Part 1 (original) (raw)
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In an effort to comply with Insensitive Munitions (IM) criteria, energetic binders comprising polymer and plasticiser(s) are finding use in cast-cured polymer bonded explosives and cast composite rocket propellants. Energetic binders can be considered as cross-linked polymers that provide a matrix to bind explosive ingredients together with a plasticiser. Once cured, the polymeric binder is a tough elastomeric rubber capable
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Aluminized Polymer Bonded Explosives Formulations
Moammer Noreldeen , 2024
This study presents the preparation and evaluation of Aluminized Polymer Bonded Explosives (ABXs) formulations comprising RDX (Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), AL powder, and Isoprene Rubber (IR). The formulations were carefully prepared in a laboratory setting, with efficient mixing observed at 70°C and subsequent curing at 80°C for five days. Analysis of scanning electron microscope images revealed well-coated crystals, while density measurements ranged from (1.386 to 1.65)g/cm 3 indicating a direct correlation between AL powder content and density. Impact sensitivity testing ranged from (20.5 to 31.85) Joule demonstrated decreased sensitivity with higher AL powder percentages and reduced RDX content. The formulated ABXs exhibited favorable attributes, including ease of production, reduced sensitivity to impact, appropriate sensitivity to heat range from (231 to 236)°C, and commendable performance coupled with enhanced safety and long-term thermal stability. Hence, the findings suggest promising applications for ABXs formulations in ammunition projectiles and rocket warheads, Explosive Reactive Armor, and underwater weapons.
Particle size effects on the mechanical properties of a polymer bonded explosive
Journal of Materials Science, 2000
Two RDX/HTPB polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), with different explosive particle size, were studied in a Hopkinson bar system at three different temperatures. Three temperatures were chosen, two above, and one below, the glass transition temperature of the binder material. The PBX consisted of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) crystals in a hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) binder. Overall the larger particle sized material was weaker, and exhibited a more distinct yield point than the finer sized material. Both materials showed temperature sensitivity, the effect being greater in the material with the smaller particles. C 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
MRS Proceedings, 2005
Polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) are being increasingly used as energetic fillings and components in many systems. They are perceived as more chemically and mechanically stable than traditional fillings such as RDX/TNT. They are castable into predetermined shapes, machinable and can be used as structural components. However, along with all these undeniable advantages, as a class, these materials are now undergoing extensive characterisation to ensure they comply with both the legal and technical requirements in energetic systems.
Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 2019
The compositions of granulated plastic bonded explosive (PBX), based on octogen (HMX) and Estane polymer were prepared by aqueous/solvent slurry coating tehnique, on a laboratory and industrial scale. Scale-up was done in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way: with provided recyclage and reuse of the used organic solvent. The quality of the obtained granulated PBX samples was observed trough the following analyses: the quality of polymer coating layer on HMX crystals was examined by microscopic analysis; the phlegmatizer content in PBX samples was determined; granulometric analysis and the tests of sensitivity to friction and impact were carried out. Compressibility of granulated PBX was determined by pressing. Measured detonation velocities of pressed PBX charges were compared. The obtained properties of the examined pressed PBX indicated that it may find application as a promising main explosive charge in cumulative warheads.
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Defence Science Journal, 2013
This paper describes formulation of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) compositions based on 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB), Octahydro l,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) by varying their relative amounts with Viton A as polymeric binder by slurry coating technique. These PBXs compositions are studied for mechanical and detonic properties. It has been observed that sensitivity and explosive performance of PBXs based on mixture of HMX and TATB were varied over a wide considerable range by varying relative amounts of TATB and HMX. The detonation study revealed there was increased in velocity of detonation (VOD) and detonation pressure with increasing amount of HMX from 10-80 % by weight. The sensitivity test results exhibited that insensitivity to impact for PBXs compositions was found to decrease with increasing HMX amount. Friction sensitivity study showed that no reactions were observed upto 36 kg load for PBXs compositions namely HT6030, HT5040, HT4050, HT3060, HT2070 and HT1080. The compressive strength of these PBXs compositions was found within the range of 9-11 MPa.
Involving PETN explosive into polyurethane polymer matrix for reactive armour applications
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This paper describes some formulations of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) in the form of flexible material (sheet explosive) for military and civilian applications. Different compositions based on (70 wt%, 75 wt%, 78 wt%, 80 wt%) of PETN as high explosive filler were prepared by casting technique using HTPB polyurethane binder material. The production technique of the prepared explosive sheets was described in this research. Sensitivity to impact and friction were also measured. In addition, heat of combustion was determined. Besides, the detonation velocity was measured experimentally and the detonation characteristics were calculated using EXPLO 5 thermodynamic code. For comparison, standard commercial available plastic explosives such as EPX-1 and Datasheet C were studied. By comparing the obtained results, several relationships based on the results were observed. A good agreement between the measured and the calculated results was confirmed. Sample containing 78 wt% of PETN bon...
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In this paper, several fundamental investigations published over the past decades with regard to the thermal analysis of polymer-based explosives (PBXs) have been briefly reviewed. A number of explosive fillers and polymer bases that were used as their main ingredients of PBXs are summarized herein. In addition, the calculation methods for their decomposition kinetics and thermal stability parameters are also introduced in detail. It was concluded that only PBXs based on HMX, RDX and TATB have been widely investigated, and that some other PBXs containing innovative fillers, such as CL-20, TNAZ, NTO and BCHMX are at the design stage. The isoconversional methods and model fitting procedures are usually used to analyze the discrete thermolysis processes of PBXs. In addition, their thermal stability parameters such as shelf life, explosion delay, critical temperature, thermostability threshold, 500-day cookoff temperature and approximate time to explosion could be calculated easily from the kinetic data.
Preparation and Characterization of Polymer bonded Explosives Based on Isoprene Rubber
2021
The aim of this work is to prepare five samples of Polymer Bonded Explosives (PBXs) with various percent of Isoprene rubber (IR) and Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) (RDX /IR), based on Sulfur Vulcanization process, and applying them on warheads as insensitive explosive. Density, sensitivity to impact and ignition temperature have been tested. Mixer water path which used for the manufacturing of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) (capacity 5 L), Filling was made by casting methods, Filling in C-8 rocket warhead. The killing range of the C-8 (IR-RDX) was 18 meters.
Computational Materials Science, 2019
Polymer bonded explosives are designed to initiate under controlled conditions. However, accidental ignition leading to a deflagration, and even detonation, may occur during manufacturing, handling and transport. Understanding how ignition depends on microstructural features, such as cracks and voids in the particles, and on the adhesive and mechanical properties of the binder through predictive numerical simulations and modeling will help to improve safety. Finite element simulations and experiments of a single high energetic material particle embedded in polymer binders are performed to investigate the effect of the material properties of the binder and the particle surface properties, on damage and temperature at an impact velocity of 10 m/s. Particles with low and high quality surface properties, and two different binders are analyzed. The simulations with the lower stiffness binder do not show a significant increase in temperature after impact. A polymer with higher stiffness induces more particle damage under impact contributing to a larger temperature rise. Furthermore, high quality surface and higher adhesion strength induces larger stresses and increase the temperature rise. 10 1 − s 1. Their simulations considered only failure at particle/ binder interfaces. The energy release rate used in their model is obtained from atomistic simulations of TATB by Gee et al. [12] and it is G c = 0.27 J/m 2. Tan et al. [13] developed a model to find the cohesive zone parameters of the particle/binder interface of PBX-9501. They found a cohesive strength of 1.66 MPa and an energy release rate G c = 89 J/m 2 for the interface between HMX and the polymeric binder. Recent experiments and simulations by Walters et al. [14] were