How is science cited on the Web? A classification of google unique Web citations (original) (raw)
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Google Scholar citations and Google Web/URL citations: A multi‐discipline exploratory analysis
Journal of the American Society for …, 2007
We use a new data gathering method "Web/URL citation" and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines (biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology and education) based upon a sample of 1,650 articles from 108 Open Access (OA) journals published in 2001. A Web/URL citation of an online journal article is a web mention of its title, URL, or both. For each discipline except psychology we found significant correlations between ISI citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/URL citations. Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/URL citations, indicating that the Web/URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference papers are valued and published online. We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic.
The impact of internet resources on scholarly communication: A citation analysis
Scientometrics, 2009
The quality and credibility of Internet resources has been a concern in scholarly communication. This paper reports a quantitative analysis of the use of Internet resources in journal articles and addresses the concerns for the use of Internet resources scholarly journals articles. We collected the references listed in 35,698 articles from 14 journals published during 1996 to 2005, which resulted in 1,000,724 citations. The citation data was divided into two groups: traditional citations and Web citations, and examined based on frequencies of occurrences by domain and type of Web citation sources. The findings included: (1) The number of Web citations in the journals investigated had been increasing steadily, though the quantity was too small to draw an inclusive conclusion on the data about their impact on scientific research; (2) A great disparity existed among different disciplines in terms of using information on the Web. Applied disciplines and interdisciplinary sciences tended to cite more information on the Web, while classical and experimental disciplines cited little of Web information; (3) The frequency of citations was related to the reputation of the author or the institution issuing the information, and not to the domain or webpage types; and (4) The researchers seemed to lack confidence in Internet resources, and Web information was not as frequently cited as reported in some publications before. The paper also discusses the need for developing a guideline system to evaluate Web resources regarding their authority and quality that lies in the core of credibility of Web information.
The extensive use of the web by many sectors of society has created the potential for new wider impact indicators. This article reviews research about Google Scholar and Google Patents, both of which can be used as sources of impact indicators for academic articles. It also briefly reviews methods to extract types of links and citations from the web as a whole, although the indicators that these generate are now probably too broad and too dominated by automatically generated websites, such as library and publisher catalogues, to be useful in practice. More valuable web-based indicators can be derived from specific types of web pages that cite academic research, such as online presentations, course syllabi, and science blogs. These provide evidence that is easier to understand and use and less likely to be affected by unwanted types of automatically generated content, although they are susceptible to gaming.
Web Citation Behaviour in the Annals of Library and Information Science: A Critical Analysis
International Journal of Information Studies & Libraries, 6(2), 67-73, 2021
The present study is an attempt to carry out the citation analysis of all the journal articles published in the Annals of Library and Information Science from 2010-2019. A total of 7,124 citations appended to 328 papers were published in the journal during the ten-year study period. Average number of citations per article is maximum in 2018. Out of 7,124 citations appended, 1,039 (14.58%) citations appeared in 2010, followed by 873 (12.28%) citations in 2018, and 831 (11.66%) citations in 2013. The findings reveal that a majority of the papers have 16-20 citations (25%), followed by 11-15 (14.93%) citations, and 6-10 (14.02%) citations. The study also depicts that out of the total, 5,081 (71.29%) Web references were used in the article references. The Annals of Library and Information Science is the most preferred journal used by authors during the study period, being cited 476 times. The authorship pattern reveals that two-author citations are in the majority (46.45%). Out of the total authors who contributed a total of 328 papers, 254 (77.43%) were affiliated to the institutions located in India.
Availability of Web Citations in Scholarly Library and Information Science Journals: A Study
PEARL - A Journal of Library and Information Science, 2020
The present study examines the availability of web citations in scholarly journals of Library and Information Science. The journals were selected based on their high impact factor published between 2008 and 2017. A PHP script was used to test the Uniform Resource Locators for their availability. A total of 7986 articles were downloaded and 3,24,636 references were extracted. A total of 51,839 URLs were checked for their availability. Further the lexical features of URLs like file extension, path depth, character length and top-level domain was determined. The research findings indicated that the percentage of web citations in articles has been continuously increased from 2008 to 2017. The result of the accessibility check showed that almost 76.90% of URLs were accessible and the remaining 23.
Characteristics of Open Access Web Citation Network: A Multidisciplinary Study
More knowledge about Open Access (OA) scholarly publishing on the web would be helpful for citation data mining and the development of Web-based citation indexes. In the current study, five characteristics of 545 OA citing sources targeting OA research articles in four science and four social science disciplines were manually identified, including file format, hyperlinking, Internet domain, language, and publication year. About 60% of the OA citing sources targeting research papers were in PDF format, 30% were from academic domains ending in edu and ac and 70% of the citations were not hyperlinked. Moreover, 16% of the OA citing sources targeting studied papers in the eight selected disciplines were in non-English languages. Additional analyses revealed significant disciplinary differences across science and the social sciences. Overall, the OA Web citation network was dominated by PDF format files and non-hyperlinked citations. This knowledge of some characteristics shaping the OA citation network gives a better understanding about their potential uses.
An Analysis of the Availability and Persistence of Web Citations in
To discover the current situation and characteristics of web citations accessibility, the present study examined the accessibility of 4,253 web citations in six key Iranian LIS journals published from 2006 to 2010. The proportion percentage of web citations increased from 11% in 2006 to 30% in 2010. The most widely cited top level domains in URLs include the .edu and .org with respectively 37% and 23%. This study provides further evidence that organizations websites have become increasingly vulnerable to URL decay. The results show that only 3467 web citations remain accessible in 2011, of which 71% allowed easy and long-term access to the authors" information intended in URLs. Long time inaccessibility to the authors" intended information was shown to be mostly from URLs that returned the 404 error and also the URLs that had gone through information update. An about 4 year half-life was estimated for Iran"s LIS Publications. Ultimately, the results suggest that the decay of URLs is a grave problem in the publication of Iran"s LIS researchers and cannot be overlooked. These authors need to gain the necessary knowledge about using web citations as major sources of information for their publications.
A comparison of citation coverage of traditional and web citation databases in medical science
This study aimed to analyse the quantitative similarities between traditional citations coverage (Web of Science and Scopus) and citations taken from the Web (Google Scholar), specifically targeting articles from 23 Open Access ISI-indexed journals within the field of General and Internal Medical Science published in 2007. This method enables us to comprehend the number of citations that exist on the Web and their efficiency as an important source for Medical Science research evaluation. More specifically, the correlation tests are used as an indirect approach to assess the extent of the relationship between traditional and Web-based citation coverage. It also investigates the percentage of overlap between conventional and Web citations databases in the selected journals. The findings show that the Web incorporates more citation data targeting general and internal medical journal articles that cannot be traced by traditional citation databases. The significant association between both conventional citations databases and Google Scholar found in this study, suggest that both the traditional and Web-based citation database are possible tools for measuring identical aspects, however, Web-based citations have the capability to be used for effective and accurate evaluation.
Death of web citations: a serious alarm for authors
Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science
The study explores availability and/or decay of URLs cited in articles of six Library and Information Sciences (LIS) journals published by Emerald, Science Direct and Sage. The research was performed using a descriptive survey method. Initially, all issues of the six journals including Information Processing & Management, Library & Information Science Research, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Journal of Information Science, Online Information Review, and Journal of Documentation from 2005 to 2008 were downloaded directly from their publisher websites. Afterwards, all the journals' citations in either print or Web formats were calculated manually. Then, availability and/or decay of individual cited URLs were examined in the Web environments. Two groups of URLs were identified as accessible (without any accessibility error) or inaccessible (with accessibility errors). Two groups of accessible URLs were "accessible through first-check" and "accessib...