On and Off the North China Craton: Where is the Archaean Keel? (original) (raw)

Abstract

China Craton (NCC) is >80 km thick with high heat flow within Traditionally cratons are thought of as parts of the the craton. This is somewhat in disagreement with the presence of continental lithosphere in which Archaean crustal rocks Archaean crustal rocks and kimberlite-hosted xenoliths that point are exposed at the Earth's surface and where thermal to the existence of garnet-diamond-facies mantle beneath the craton, and tectonic events occurred >2500 my ago. One of as recently as the Ordovician. Basalt-hosted mantle xenoliths the best studied examples is the Kaapvaal craton, entrained during the Cenozoic may provide a clue to Phanerozoic South Africa. Aspects of the petrology and geochemistry changes. Of particular note is the predominance of spinel-facies of kimberlite-hosted mantle xenoliths indicate that areas peridotites (75-80 km) and the paucity of garnet-facies peridotites.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (52)

  1. Anderson, D. L., Tanimoto, T. & Zhang, Y. (1992). Plate tectonics and hotspots: the third dimension. Science 256, 1645-1650.
  2. Bodinier, J. L., Menzies, M. A. & Thirlwall, M. F. (1991). Elemental and isotopic geochemistry of the Lanzo lherzolite massif-implications for How does present-day lithosphere compare the temporal evolution of the MORB source. Journal of Petrology 6, with the Archaean lithosphere known to 27-42. have survived until the Ordovician? Boyd, F. R. (1989). Compositional distinction between oceanic and According to kimberlite-hosted xenolith data from the cratonic lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 96, 15-26.
  3. NCC, Ordovician lithosphere had an architecture similar Boyd, F. R. & Nixon, P. H. (1978). Ultramafic nodules from the Kimberley pipes, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, to that of Archaean lithosphere. It was stable to garnet- 1367-1382. and diamond-facies, cold (shield geotherm) and it reached Boyd, F. R., Gurney, J. J. & Richardson, S. H. (1985). Evidence for a a thickness of >180-200 km. This is in marked contrast 150-200 km thick Archaean lithosphere from diamond inclusion to Cenozoic lithosphere, which is 'oceanic' with some thermobarometry. Nature 315, 387-389.
  4. indication of an 'older' pre-existent lithosphere. It has Boyd, F. R., Pokhilenko, N. P., Pearson, D. G., Mertzman, S. A., been proposed that the Archaean lithospheric keel was Sobolev, N. V. & Finger, L. W. (1997). Composition of the Siberian affected by thermo-tectonic processes (Menzies et al., cratonic mantle: evidence from Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths. 1993; Griffin et al., 1998) in the form of plume activity, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128, 228-246.
  5. Carlson, R. W. & Irving, A. J. (1994). Depletion and enrichment history delamination or rifting, or a combination of such pro- of subcontinental lithospheric mantle: an Os, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic cesses. study of ultramafic xenoliths from the northwestern Wyoming Cra- ton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 126, 457-472.
  6. Carswell, D. A. & Dawson, J. B. (1970). Garnet peridotite xenoliths in South Africa kimberlite pipes and their petrogenesis. Contributions to
  7. Cohen, R. S., O'Nions, R. K. & Dawson, J. B. (1984). Isotope shallow mantle enrichment processes in the Earth's mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 96, 256-268. geochemistry of xenoliths from East Africa: implications for de- velopment of mantle reservoirs and their interaction. Earth and Hoffman, P. F. (1990). Geological constraints on the origin of the mantle root beneath the Canadian Shield. Philosophical Transactions Planetary Science Letters 68, 209-220.
  8. Cox, K. G., Gurney, J. & Harte, B. (1973). Xenoliths from the Matsoku of the Royal Society of London, Series A 331, 523-532.
  9. Johnson, K. T. M., Dick, H. J. B. & Shimizu, N. (1990). Melting in pipe. In: Nixon, P. H. (ed.) Lesotho Kimberlites. Cape Town: National Development Corporation, pp. 76-100. the oceanic upper mantle: an ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 2661-2678.
  10. Cox, K. G., Smith, M. R. & Beswetherick, S. (1987). Textural studies of garnet lherzolites: evidence of exsolution origin from high-tem-Jordan, T. H. (1988). Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere. Journal of Petrology, Special Lithosphere Issue, 11-37.
  11. perature harzburgites. In: Nixon, P. H. (ed.) Mantle Xenoliths. New York: John Wiley, pp. 537-551.
  12. Kelemen, P. B., Hart, S. R. & Bernstein, S. (1998). Silica enrichment in the continental upper mantle via melt/rock reaction. Earth and Dawson, J. B. (1980). Kimberlites and their Xenoliths. Berlin: Springer, 252 pp. Planetary Science Letters 164, 387-406.
  13. Kramers, J. D., Smith, C. B., Lock, N. P., Harmon, R. S. & Bory, F. Deng, F. L. & Macdougall, J. D. (1992). Proterozoic depletion of the lithosphere recorded in mantle xenoliths from Inner Mongolia. Nature R. (1981). Can kimberlites be generated from an ordinary mantle? Nature 291, 53-56. 360, 333-336.
  14. Dick, H. J. B. & Fisher, R. L. (1984). Mineralogic studies of the Kramers, J. D., Roddick, J. & Dawson, J. (1983). Trace element and isotope studies on veined, metasomatic and MARID xenoliths from residues of mantle melting: abyssal and alpine-type peridotites. In: Kornprobst, J. (ed.) Kimberlites II: The Mantle and Crust-Mantle Bultfontein, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 65, 90-106.
  15. Lee, C.-T. & Rudnick, R. L. (2000). Compositionally stratified cratonic Relationships. Proceedings of the 3rd International Kimberlite Conference, 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 295-308. lithosphere: petrology and geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths from the Labait volcano, Tanzania. Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Erlank, A. J., Waters, F. G., Hawkesworth, C. J., Haggerty, S. E., Allsopp, H. L., Rickard, R. S. & Menzies, M. A. (1987). Evidence Conference (in press).
  16. Liu, D. Y., Nutman, A. P., Compston, W., Wu, J. S. & Shen, Q. H. for mantle metasomatism in peridotite nodules from the Kimberley Pipes, South Africa. In: Menzies, M. A. & Hawkesworth, C. J. (eds) (1992). Remnants of 3800 Ma crust in the Chinese part of the Sino- Korean craton. Geology 20, 339-342.
  17. Mantle Metasomatism. London: Academic Press, pp. 221-311.
  18. Fan, Q. & Hooper, P. R. (1991). The Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Eastern Ma, X. Y. & Wu, D. (1981). Early tectonic evolution of China. Precambrian Research 14, 185-202.
  19. China: petrology and chemical composition. Journal of Petrology 32, 765-810. Maaloe, S. & Aoki, K. (1977). The major element composition of the upper mantle estimated from the composition of lherzolites.
  20. Grand, S. P. (1994). Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 11591-11621. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 63, 161-173.
  21. Mathias, M., Siebert, J. C. & Rickwood, P. C. (1970). Some aspects Green, D. H., Hibberson, W. O. & Jaques, A. L. (1979). Petrogenesis of mid-ocean ridge basalts. In: McElhinney, M. W. (ed.) The Earth: of the mineralogy and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths in kimberlite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 26, 75-123.
  22. its Origin, Structure and Evolution. London: Academic Press, pp. 265-299.
  23. Green, T. H., Adam, J. & Sie, S. H. (1992). Trace element partitioning McDonough, W. F. (1990). Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 101, between silicate minerals and carbonatite at 25 kbar and application to mantle metasomatism. Mineralogy and Petrology 46, 179-184. 1-18.
  24. McDonough, W. F. & Frey, F. A. (1989). Rare earth elements in upper Griffin, W. L., Kaminsky, F. V. K., Ryan, C. G., O'Reilly, S. Y., Win, T. T. & Ilupin, I. P. (1996). Thermal state and composition of mantle rocks. In: Ribbe, P. H. (ed.) Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements. Reviews in Mineralogy, 99-145. the lithospheric mantle beneath Daldyn kimberlite field, Yakutia. Tectonophysics 262, 19-33.
  25. McDonough, W. F. & McCulloch, M. T. (1987). The southeast Australian lithospheric mantle: isotopic and geochemical constraints
  26. Griffin, W. L., Zhang, A., O'Reilly, S. Y. & Ryan, C. G. (1998). Phanerozoic evolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean on its growth and evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 86, 327-340. craton. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S.-L., Lo, C.-H. & Lee, T. Y. (eds) Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, Geophysical Menzies, M. A. (1991). Oceanic peridotites. In: Floyd, P. A. (ed.) Oceanic Basalts. Glasgow: Blackie, pp. 363-385.
  27. Monograph, American Geophysical Union 27, 107-126.
  28. Griffin, W. L., Doyle, B. J., Ryan, C. G., Pearson, N. J., O'Reilly, S. Menzies, M. A. & Halliday, A. N. (1988). Lithospheric mantle domains beneath the Archaean and Proterozoic crust of Scotland. Journal of Y., Davies, R., Kivi, K., Van Achterbergh, E. & Natapov, L. M.
  29. Slave Petrology 29, 275-302.
  30. Menzies, M. A. & Murthy, V. R. (1980). Enriched mantle: Nd and Sr Craton: composition, structure and origin. Journal of Petrology 40, 705-728. isotopes in diopsides from kimberlite nodules. Nature 283, 634-636.
  31. Menzies, M. A., Rogers, N., Tindle, A. & Hawkesworth, C. J. (1987).
  32. Griffin, W. L., Fisher, N. I., Friedman, J., Ryan, C. G. & O'Reilly, S. Y. (1999b). Cr-pyrope garnets in the lithospheric mantle 1. Metasomatic and enrichment processes in lithospheric peridotites, an effect of asthenosphere-lithosphere. In: Menzies, M. A. & Hawke- Compositional systematics and relations to tectonic setting. Journal of Petrology 40, 679-704. sworth, C. J. (eds) Mantle Metasomatism. New York: Academic Press, pp. 312-364.
  33. Hanson, G. N. & Langmuir, C. H. (1978). Modelling of major elements in mantle-melt systems using trace element approaches. Geochimica Menzies, M. A., Zhang, M. & Fan, W. (1993). Palaeozoic and Cenozoic lithoprobes and the loss of >120 km of Archaean Lithosphere Sino- et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 725-741.
  34. Hauri, E. H., Shimizu, N., Dieu, J. J. & Hart, S. R. (1993). Evidence Korean Craton China. In: Pritchard, H. M., Alabaster, T., Harris, N. B. W. & Neary, C. R. (eds) Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics. for hotspot-related carbonatite metasomatism in the oceanic upper mantle. Nature 365, 221-227. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 76, 71-81.
  35. Nelson, D. R., Chivas, A. R., Chappell, B. W. & McCulloch, M. T. Hawkesworth, C. J., Kempton, P. D., Rogers, N. W., Ellam, R. M. & van Calsteren, P. W. (1990). Continental mantle lithosphere and (1988). Geochemical and isotopic systematics in carbonatites and implications for the evolution of ocean-island sources. Geochimica et Tatsumoto, M., Basu, A. R., Huang, W. K., Wang, J. W. & Xie, G. H. (1992). Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of ultramafic xenoliths in volcanic Cosmochimica Acta 52, 1-17. rocks of Eastern China: enriched components EMI and EMII in
  36. Pearson, D. G., Carlson, R. W., Shirey, S. B., Boyd, F. R. & Nixon, subcontinental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 113, P. H. (1995a). Stabilisation of Archaean lithospheric mantle: a Re-Os 107-128. isotope study of peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton. Earth Teng, J. W., Wang, Q. S., Liu, Y. C. & Wei, S. Y. (1983). Geophysical and Planetary Science Letters 134, 341-357. field characteristics, distribution and formation of hydrocarbon bear- Pearson, D. G., Shirey, S. B., Carlson, R. W., Boyd, F. R., Pokhilenko, ing basins of eastern China. Journal of Geophysics 26(4), 319-330.
  37. N. P. & Shimizu, N. (1995b). Re-Os, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope Van der Lee, S. & Nolet, G. (1997). Upper mantle S velocity structure evidence for thick Archaean lithospheric mantle beneath the Siberian of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 22815-22838. craton modified by multi-stage metasomatism. Geochimica et Cosmo- Walker, R. J., Carlson, R. W., Shirey, S. B. & Boyd, F. (1989). Os, chimica Acta 59, 959-977.
  38. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematics of southern African peridotites
  39. Peng, Z. C., Zartman, R. E., Futa, E. & Chen, D. G. (1986). Pb-, Sr- xenoliths: implications for the chemical evolution of subcontinental and Nd-isotopic systematics and chemical characteristics of Cenozoic mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1583-1595. basalts, eastern China. Chemical Geology 59, 3-33.
  40. Whitehouse, M. J., Windley, B. F. & Ba-B'ttat, M. A. (1994). Age and Polet, J. & Anderson, D. A. (1995). Depth extent of cratons as inferred nature of continental crust in Yemen: new constraints on Pan- from tomographic studies. Geology 23, 205-208. African crustal accretion rates. US Geological Survey Circular 1107, 352
  41. Qi, Q., Taylor, L. A. & Zhou, X.-M. (1995). Petrology and geochemistry (abstract). of mantle peridotite xenoliths from SE China. Journal of Petrology 36, Xu, Y.-G., Menzies, M. A., Mattey, D. P., Lowry, D., Harte, B. & 55-79. Hinton, R. W. (1996). The nature of the lithospheric mantle near
  42. Richardson, S. H., Gurney, J. J., Erlank, A. J. & Harris, J. W. (1984). the Tan-Lu fault, China: an integration of texture, chemistry and Origins of diamonds in old enriched mantle. Nature 310, 198-202.
  43. O-isotopes. Chemical Geology 134, 67-81.
  44. Richardson, S. H., Erlank, A. J. & Hart, S. R. (1985). Kimberlite-Xu, Y.-G., Menzies, M. A., Vroon, P., Mercier, J.-C. C. & Lin, C.- Y. (1998). Texture-temperature-geochemistry relationships in the borne garnet peridotite xenoliths from old enriched subcontinental upper mantle as revealed from spinel peridotite xenoliths from lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75, 116-128. Wangqing, NE China. Journal of Petrology 39, 469-493.
  45. Richardson, S. H., Harris, J. W. & Gurney, J. J. (1993). Three Xu, X., O'Reilly, S. Y., Griffin, W. L., Zhou, X. & Huang, X. (1998). generations of diamonds from old continental mantle. Nature 366, The nature of the Cenozoic lithosphere of Nushan, eastern China. 256-258. In: Flower, M. F. J., Chung, S.-L., Lo, C.-H. & Lee, T.-Y. (eds)
  46. Rudnick, R., McDonough, W. F. & Orpin, A. (1994). Northern Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, Geophysical Monograph, Tanzanian peridotite xenoliths: a comparison with Kaapvaal peri- American Geophysical Union Monograph, 27, 167-196. dotites and inferences on metasomatic interactions. In: Meyer, H. Zhang, M., Menzies, M. A., Suddaby, P. & Thirlwall, M. F. (1991). EM1
  47. O. A. & Leonardo, O. H. (eds) Kimberlites, Related Rocks and Mantle signature from within post-Archaean subcontinental lithospheric Xenoliths. Proceedings of the 5th International Kimberlite Conference, 1. Rio mantle: isotopic evidence from the potassic volcanic rocks in NE de Janeiro: Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais, pp. China. Geochemical Journal 25, 329-340.
  48. 336-353. Zhi, X., Song, Y., Frey, F. A., Feng, J. & Zhai, M. (1990). Geochemistry
  49. Sen, G., Frey, F. A., Shimizu, N. & Leeman, W. P. (1993). Evolution of Hannouba basalts, eastern China: constraints on the origin of of the lithosphere beneath Oahu, Hawaii: rare earth element abund- continental alkalic and tholeiitic basalt. Chemical Geology 88, 1-33.
  50. ances in mantle xenoliths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 119, 53-69. Zhou, X. & Zhu, B. Q. (1992). Study on the isotopic system and mantle Song, Y. & Frey, F. A. (1989). Geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in chemical zonation of Cenozoic basalt in eastern China. In: Liu, R. basalt from Hannuoba, eastern China: implications for sub- X. (ed.) The Age and Geochemistry of Cenozoic Volcanic Rock in China. continental mantle heterogeneity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, Beijing: Seismologic Press, Beijing University, pp. 366-392.
  51. 97-113. Zhou, X. H. & Armstrong, R. L. (1982). Cenozoic volcanic rocks of
  52. Stosch, H. G. & Seck, H. A. (1980). Geochemistry and mineralogy of eastern China-secular and geographic trends in chemistry and two spinel peridotite suites from Dreiser Weiher, West Germany. strontium isotopic composition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59, 301-329. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 457-470.