STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR CARTOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION (original) (raw)
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Knowledge for expert systems in cartography
2010
The aim of expert system for cartography is the transferring the cartographical expert skills to non-professionals. Expert system is a software application, which uses artificial intelligence and can reach levels comparable to human expert. The base of expert system is a establishing a knowledge base. These four activities are necessary to ensure transfer of expertise knowledge from expert to expert system, and then to the user: the acquisition of knowledge, interpretation skills, knowledge and derive the transfer of knowledge to the user. This contribution is in detail focused on the first activity-the acquisition of knowledge. Source of knowledge are expertscartographers or written sources. In this case, the written sources are cartography textbooks, maps, and atlases. Gaining the knowledge from experts is laborious and time-consuming activity-very often is led using interview. Cartographic knowledge must be organized in the expert system as rules or design patterns (object oriented) and stored in a cartographic knowledge-base. You can easily imagine this as typical model template of a specific map. Data must be stored in base with the requisite degree of professional qualification, which is required for backward utilization in the development of deductive conclusions in the map-making process. Expert system for cartography must contain the following elements of knowledge: theory and facts of cartography, metaknowledge, a general strategy how to assemble a map output, not least the rules and procedures of applied cartography.
2 Intelligent Systems in Cartography
2020
According to the recent progress and technical development in Geographic Information Science (GIScience) [Kraak, MacEachren, 1999], and in information technology we can trace the progressive significance of the role of maps, images, and computer graphics as mediators of collaboration-in a range of contexts including environmental and urban planning, resource management, scientific inquiry, and education [Brewer et al., 2000]. Maps became a tool for sharing knowledge around people. They are comprehended as a unique expression tool used for a variety of purposes that can be broadly grouped around two main roles: maps as tools for analysis, problem solving and decision making "visual thinking", [MacEachren, Kraak, 1997], and maps as tools for communication of ideas between people. Although the communicative role of maps seems to fully comply with the cartographic tradition, it should be borne in mind that the concept of cartographic communication has recently extended [Andrienko, Andrienko, Voss, 2002]. Maps are unique means for communication of adequate amount of spatial information. Visualizing allows us to grasp and retain larger amount of information compared to the usage of words. Without the visual image, recalling the same information would require memorizing a long list of area descriptions [O'Looney, 2000]. If the maps are processed correctly, they transmit spatial information accurately and quickly. If some of the rules of cartography are violated, communication of spatial information is inaccurate. The communication of spatial information is sometimes completely wrong. Subsequently, the map-reader can be significantly affected by the result of representation of information. From the other point of view, badly understood map may have fatal consequences in crisis management when transferring of the right information between collaborating people is necessary. In this context, map plays the role of symbolic operator able to act in such a decision making, characterized by urgency and criticality. Thus, the good knowledge of all the rules for maps making is expected from the map maker. Knowledge of design principles can help the user create a highly specialized view on the data. Customized and right visualized data can help viewers identify patterns, which can be lost when using the un-adequate method [O'Looney, 2000]. Map making process can be done in two main ways. Firstly, the users make map from some datasets using adequate software. The opposite situation requires map server as end tool for visualizing of datasets. In both cases is necessary build-in acquired cartographical www.intechopen.com Intelligent Systems 258 knowledge into these systems. There is a need for implementation of cartographic rules directly into the programs for the map making especially into GIS software. The usage of intelligent systems has been enabled by the development in the field of artificial intelligence. Therefore, these systems find application in many sectors of cartography. Real cartographer can be partly substituted by the utilization of knowledge system (intelligent system).
Map Production Supporting Activities of Digitalization and AI
Proceedings of the ICA
The notion "digitalization" comes into vogue in many corners of information and knowledge technologies. Even politicians are aware of the power of digitalization and its impact on society. In general digitalization is not directly dealing with webmapping or location based services, although digital and web-based procedures are the key. But what else could these initiatives of digitalization mean for the mapping domain? Is there an impact on map production, geoinformation management and the way we provide and use geospatial knowledge? The aim of this contribution is to formally extend the function of cartography by the aspect of artificial knowledge expansion and therefore to highlight the basics, requirements and additional emerging methods in map production.
Geographic information systems centered on relational databases are a powerful and proven way to collect, store, and analyze geographic data. Such systems are also used to produce cartographic products including maps and mapping datasets. However, existing mapping systems built on GIS databases fail to fully leverage relational database technology, mainly because most systems store geographic information—geometry and attributes—in the relational database, but store map definition and symbolization information in separate files. Also, map symbolization is accomplished by applying rules that assign symbology to sets of categorized features, a system that is seen by many cartographers as being too restrictive in not allowing one to interactively change individual cartographic graphic representations. This paper proposes a GIS-based cartographic production system where cartographic information is stored with GIS data in the relational database. A system whereby dynamic cartographic symb...
Knowledge-Based Cartography: The NOS Experience
Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 1988
In an attempt to increase productivity, reduce subjectivity and provide consistency in the production of the Nation's nautical charts, the National Ocean Service's Office of Charting and Geodetic Services (NOS/C&CS) recently took a series of actions to explore the application of expert systems technology to nautical chart cartography). Two contracts were awarded to private firms for the development of demonstration expert systems. The success of these demonstrations should be of interest to all cartographers because the results indicate that this technology can play an increasingly important role in cartography. Large gains in productivity and significant advances in product consistency are anticipated as cartographic expert systems are integrated with large digital chart data bases.
Design of intelligent system in cartography
9 RoEduNet IEEE International Conference. Sibiu, 2010
There is an intensive using of information technologies in many branches of human activity nowadays. Software designers and developers are stimulated by positive results and success information technologies. Many new functions are arising in most software products used in geographical information systems and digital cartography too. For many users of this software, it is very valuable possibility to design graphic outputs and map design. There are two ways how to eliminate the problem of the insufficient knowledge of cartographic rules. The first way is education in cartography, but this is time-consuming. Second way is making application, which allows design correct maps and allows spreading of knowledge. This application can create map either automatically or with interactive activities of the user. Automatically generated maps cannot fully substitute professional maps, but expert system for cartography is useful for students and other users in the process of map making. The expert system both leads in correct creation of map both explain rules of cartography. Design of intelligent web based application for cartography is described in this article.
An Information Model for Maps: Towards Cartographic Production from GIS Databases
We present an information model that describes maps and informs the definition of GIS databases with the codification of map design to support automated map production. We present an approach to database modeling that considers the map production requirements from the outset, then defines the unique characteristics and requirements for the GIS data to support mapping, as well as the process models to create the maps. Our information model is derived from a communication model that encompasses traditional cartographic design and production processes to transform information about the geographic environment to geospatial data to maps. We tested our information model using a multi-scale GIS database to produce various map products. From our research, we find that the information model can be used to codify the map design and support the production process. The challenge remains to incorporate the flexibility to reflect the individualistic approaches of map makers in their design and compilation processes. addresses in part the relationship between GIS data and cartographic data, which is something that many European mapping agencies have resolved through their understanding of "digital landscape models" and "digital cartographic models". In addition, it suggests an approach to conflation and/or enhancement of the cartographic and geographic databases for mapping purposes.
Cartography, Database and GIS: Not Enemies, but Allies!”, to be included
2005
Commercial GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS has historic strengths in geography, spatial data modeling, and data analysis, but has traditionally been perceived as less strong in cartographic representation, artistic freedom and map publishing. However, a set of major software advances in cartographic functionality has recently become available, which together with further developments under way, will greatly automate high quality cartographic production, while empowering the human cartographer. This paper overviews a related set of technology advances arising from research and development at ESRI. The aim is to provide the optimal tools and environment for the production cartographer, centered on the rigor of the master geodatabase but allowing artistic freedom where needed. It will release cartographers from the drudgery of repetitive actions and free them to concentrate on applying their unique human visual abilities for interpretation and design.
The Internet can provide interactive display and multimedia functions for digital maps and remotely sensed imagery. One major problem for the development of Internet mapping facilities is information overload. It is a challenge for the cartographic community to make the power of Internet mapping accessible to users, but at the same time to help users adapt cartographic concepts and rules to their web mapping applications. This chapter will introduce a possible solution by adopting software agents in the architecture of Internet mapping facilities. In contrast to a traditional expert systems approach, the use of software agents emphasizes that their knowledge bases are located in hundreds of distributed small agent programs instead of a single huge omnipotent computer machine. The design of an intelligent software agent could facilitate the establishment of distributed cartography knowledge bases (CKB), which could help map users to access/distribute/exchange different cartographic rules, map symbols, color schemes, design layouts, via the Internet.