Intelligence: A Brief History (original) (raw)
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Exploring historically how intelligence has been defined, and why people have attempted to define it
A lot of multidisciplinary individuals have contributed to the history of intelligence and helped in building its foundations, from Charles Darwin to Francis Galton to Alfred Binet. This paper explores how intelligence has been defined and measured, as well as the reason behind defining intelligence from the perspective of these multidisciplinary individuals. The aim is to explore the diversity of the opinions and thought that went into shaping the way we think about intelligence and its measurements today.
Evolution of Concept of Intelligence
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This review paper focuses on the different theories of intelligence and their relevance. It analyses the conceptual framework underlying the theories of prominent researchers across the world. It critically examines the different factors that impact intelligence and define intelligent behavior. It sheds the light on emotional intelligence as major determinant of success and well- being and traces its evolution. The paper also highlights the definitions and concepts of intelligence in the twenty first century. It also gives a new direction to the assessment of intelligence.
Since its first mention during medieval ages, 'Intelligence' has been a contentious construct. The earlier conceptions of 'intelligence' were linked to the domain of philosophy. These conceptions came to be strongly condemned by early modern philosophers like Locke and Hume, and they preferred the term 'understanding' in their philosophical writings (Nidditch, 1975). The debate endures even today, albeit the contending parties now have the proponents of the psychometric approach on one side, and those supporting cognitive-contextual approaches on the other. Given the debates surrounding intelligence, public opinions can differ regarding the same. My current analysis proceeds via interviews held with three participants regarding their views on intelligence.
Intelligence as a discipline, not just a practice
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This paper is a call for a new research agenda for the topic of intelligence studiesas a scientific discipline counterbalancing the present domination of research in the art ofintelligence or intelligence as a practice. I argue that there is a need to move away from a narrowperspective on practice to pursue a broader understanding of intelligence as an organizationaldiscipline with all of its complexities where the subject is seen as more critical and is allowed toreflect on itself as a topic. This path will help intelligence academics connect to theoreticaldevelopments gained elsewhere and move forward, towards establishing more of an intelligencescience. The article is critical of what the author sees as a constructionist line of thinking.Instead the author presents a theory of intelligence as learning how to “muddle through”influenced more by organizational theory. The author also argues for an independent scientificjournal in Intelligence.