Measuring cultural values at the individual-level: considering morality in cross-cultural value research (original) (raw)
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2012
Culture is a complex and multi-dimensional construct that is difficult to grasp. It refers to a complex system of (material and non-material) elements that are shared by the members of a social collective, which in turn is most often determined by national boundaries, ethnicity, religion, or geographical concentration. In literature, culture has been understood as resulting from an adaptive interaction between humans and the environment. It is learned by its people and transmitted across generations and therefore relatively stable over time. This thesis is about culture. In particular, it is about cultural values which have been viewed by many cultural researchers as core features of culture. Cultural values represent the implicitly and explicitly shared abstract ideas about what is good, right and desirable in a society (Schwartz, 1999). They reflect what has been agreed upon to be a functional response to challenges that a society faces. These implicit or explicit fundamental agre...
Congruence and functions of personal and cultural values: do my values reflect my culture's values?
Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2006
Two studies are described examining the correlation between self- and culture-referenced values at a culture level (Study 1) and correlation between self- and culture-referenced values and self-reported behavior at an individual level (Study 2). It is found that values related to individual-group relationships (embeddedness) and expression and experience of affective feelings and emotions (affective autonomy) are significantly correlated at a culture level. In Study 2, culture-referenced values are shown to correlate with behaviors attached to social norms, whereas self-rated values are found to correlate with behaviors that are not norm-governed. Implications for measurement of cultural values and cultural and cross-cultural research designs are discussed.
The measurement of values across cultures: A pairwise comparison approach
Journal of Research in Personality, 2005
We examined the value orientations of Americans and Japanese, comparing Likert scale rating and pairwise comparison methods. Consistent with a recent meta-analysis of studies using rating scales , Americans and Japanese did not differ on individualism, and Americans scored higher than Japanese on collectivism. However, the pairwise comparisons revealed that Americans scored higher than Japanese on selfdirection, an indicator of individualism, whereas Japanese scored higher than Americans on Benevolence, an indicator of collectivism. These findings suggest that cross-cultural comparisons based on Likert ratings may have been compromised by response artifacts.
Assessing cultural values: developing an attitudinal scale
Journal of Cultural Economics, 2007
Effective measurement of cultural value is often elusive because of its multidimensional nature. It is also influenced by sociodemographic characteristics (manifest variables) and attitudinal characteristics (latent variables) of populations. While the former is easily available to researchers, the latter has not been fully studied. This paper suggests the use of a cultural worldview scale that was developed to measure cultural attitudes of people, using factor and cluster analysis. Four factors comprise the scale: cultural linkages, recognition of cultural values, cultural loss, and preservation of traditions and customs. Some advantages of using this scale are demonstrated, and relationships with sociodemographic variables are investigated. Managerial and policy implications are discussed.
International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2020
Value models in society are often positioned as key factors in the formation of interpersonal interaction. In this regard, the process of forming a value model should be considered based on the pattern of social interaction. In cultural studies, as in other socio-humanities, such an internal branch of knowledge as cultural axiology was also formed. In general, cultural axiology is correlated with the implementation of the value approach as a general scientific approach. However, in cultural studies, this approach has its own specifics. The use of a value-based approach in cultural studies allows highlighting the inner side of the relationship between an individual and society. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the structural content of the formation of values and their correlation with the practical values of the development of the social system. The authors show that the main importance is achieved through the interaction between the paradigm of social development and the expectations of the population in the process of spreading state or public ideology. The paper defines that the main goal remains to determine the possibility of adapting the social value model and the global cultural paradigm. The practical significance of the study is determined by the need to adapt poststructural social development and mitigate the transformation of the paradigm of social development in crisis sociopolitical periods.
Cultural Value Orientations: Nature & Implications of National Differences
The fifth chapter argues that the prevailing cultural value orientations in a country reflect and influence the major social policies of governments and practices of society. It tests this claim by assessing predicted associations between the prevailing the cultural value orientations and four significant domains of public policy and practice, women's equality, public expenditures, provision of a social net, and handling of internal and external violence.
Assessment
Researchers around the world are applying the recently revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR) to measure the 19 values in Schwartz’s refined values theory. We assessed the internal reliability, circular structure, measurement model, and measurement invariance of values measured by this questionnaire across 49 cultural groups ( N = 53,472) and 32 language versions. The PVQ-RR reliably measured 15 of the 19 values in the vast majority of groups and two others in most groups. The fit of the theory-based measurement models supported the differentiation of almost all values in every cultural group. Almost all values were measured invariantly across groups at the configural and metric level. A multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the PVQ-RR perfectly reproduced the theorized order of the 19 values around the circle across groups. The current study established the PVQ-RR as a sound instrument to measure and to compare the hierarchies and correlates of values across cultures.