Corrective Feedback and the Acquisition of Complex Linguistic Targets (original) (raw)
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Language Learning, 2010
This study reports on a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of corrective feedback in second language acquisition. By establishing a different set of inclusion/exclusion criteria than previous meta-analyses and performing a series of methodological moves, it is intended to be an update and complement to previous meta-analyses. Altogether 33 primary studies were retrieved, including 22 published studies and 11 Ph.D. dissertations. These studies were coded for 17 substantive and methodological features, 14 of which were identified as independent and moderator variables. It was found that (a) there was a medium overall effect for corrective feedback and the effect was maintained over time, (b) the effect of implicit feedback was better maintained than that of explicit feedback, (c) published studies did not show larger effects than dissertations, (d) lab-based studies showed a larger effect than classroom-based studies, (e) shorter treatments generated a larger effect size than longer treatments, and (f) studies conducted in foreign language contexts produced larger effect sizes than those in second language contexts. Possible explanations for the results were sought through data cross-tabulation and with reference to the theoretical constructs of SLA.
Language Teaching Research, 2014
This study investigated the interactions between feedback type, proficiency, and the nature of the linguistic target in the learning of Chinese as a foreign language. Seventy-eight learners from two large US universities participated in the study. The participants were divided into two proficiency levels based on their performance on a standardized proficiency test. At each proficiency level, they were randomly assigned to three feedback conditions: recasts, metalinguistic correction, and control. Learners in the experimental conditions received feedback on their nontargetlike use of classifiers and the perfective -le. Results revealed that for the perfective -le, recasts benefited the high-level but not low-level learners; at the high proficiency level, the effects of recasts were more sustainable than those of metalinguistic correction. With respect to classifiers, recasts were effective for learners at both proficiency levels. For both target structures, metalinguistic correction showed larger effects than recasts for the low-level learners, but the two feedback types were equally effective for the advanced learners. The results underscore the importance of taking an interactional approach to the investigation of corrective feedback. The results also undermine the commonly believed superiority of explicit feedback over implicit feedback.
This chapter seeks to provide a comprehensive and in-depth synthesis of the methods of data collection used in studies investigating the effectiveness of corrective feedback (CF). A total of 34 studies published between 2006 and 2017 in five top journals in second language acquisition were selected for the review. The methods of data collection reported in the studies were coded in terms of CF treatment, CF elicitation task, and the measurement of CF effects. CF treatment was further coded as CF operationalization, the context of CF treatment, pre-treatment instruction, and CF amount. CF elicitation task is discussed with regard to task type and task validation. Task type concerns whether communicative tasks or mechanical drills were used to elicit the target structure, and task validation pertains to whether and how the primary researchers provided evidence for task complexity and for the contexts of obligatory use of the target structure. The measurement of CF effects is examined in terms of whether treatment effects are measured via tests of explicit or implicit knowledge and whether treatment effects are operationalized as mastery of the target structure, use of a more advanced variant of a structure (staged development), automatization of existing knowledge, or learners’ overall task performance indexed by the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of their speech production. For each coded methodological feature, current practices are reported, limitations and challenges are identified, and solutions are recommended.
Corrective Feedback in Second Language Acquisition
2016
The fundamental role played by this book is that it theoretically and experimentally observes and analyses the impact of the implicit and explicit corrective feedback on grammar acquisition of ESL students in their natural learning environment. It does this with the help of relatively separate measurement tests of implicit and explicit knowledge. The book provides empirical, pedagogical and methodological implications which help clarify some of the ambiguities and substantiate some of the findings existing in the literature review of this field of study.
This entry provides an overview of the theory, research, and pedagogy of corrective feedback (CF) in second language speech production. CF refers to responses to learners’ erroneous utterances, and the justification for its usefulness in facilitating second language (L2) development can be found in a number of L2 theories, such as the Interaction Hypothesis, the Skill Acquisition Theory, and the Sociocultural Theory. Descriptive studies have found that recasts are the most frequent feedback type in most L2 classes but they are less likely to invite learner responses, compared with prompts which encourage self-correction. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the effects of CF are constrained by a multitude of learner-internal and learner-external factors. For example, prompts are better at consolidating previous L2 knowledge while recasts are more suitable for structures learners have no previous knowledge about. On the basis of the research findings, a number of recommendations are made regarding how to effectively use CF in classroom teaching, such as making the corrective intension transparent, using a hybrid corrective package consisting of a prompt followed by a recast, using focused feedback, combining explicit instruction with CF when necessary, and providing both online and offline CF.
Corrective Feedback Clarifications in Second Language Acquisition
Kwansei Gakuin University Humanities Review, 2015
Corrective feedback is regarded as a crucial element in the process of developing second language acquisition (SLA); it is argued, to supply comprehensible samples of target language necessary for SLA (Long, 1988). This paper will focus on corrective feedback in language classrooms relating to oral production. Corrective feedback as an instructional device is when a teacher corrects the utterance of a learner’s error; it has both explicit and implicit modes. Recasts as a form of implicit corrective feedback is both an efficient and effective corrective tool in the language classroom that is arguably misunderstood in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context as lazy teaching.
English Language Teaching, 2022
The current study investigated whether there exists a differential effect of direct and indirect corrective feedback (CF) on the acquisition of rule-based features (simple present) and item-based features (prepositions). Fifty students enrolled in an EFL writing class were divided into four groups. Each group received one of the following treatments: direct CF on simple present, indirect CF on simple present, direct CF on prepositions, or indirect CF on prepositions over three sessions. In this pretest/immediate posttest/delayed posttest design, students received written CF, revised writing tasks, and completed new tasks and tests. Results showed that simple present, a type of rule-based feature, responded better to indirect CF while prepositions, a type of item-based feature, responded better to direct CF. The findings suggest that teachers should consider addressing different types of linguistic features through different types of CF.
Corrective Feedback Controversies in Language Learning: Focus on Direct Written Corrective Feedback
International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies , 2021
Corrective feedback (CF) has been the focus of different ESL/EFL educators and researchers. It has been a source of debate among them for about four decades. Many controversies are associated with different variables of corrective feedback. This paper discusses some of these controversial issues in light of what experts and recent research have found. Given the need for more studies in written CF, this paper investigates the effect of direct focused written corrective feedback on EFL students' writings. Tag questions, conjunctions, quantifiers, and articles were the focus of the direct written CF. The writings of 49 EFL students in pre feedback phase, post feedback phase and delayed test were collected and analyzed. The results revealed a significant difference between the pre and post feedback phases indicating the short-term effect of direct focused written corrective feedback. However, no significant difference was found between the pre feedback phase and the delayed test. The paper, then, concludes with some general guidelines drawn from the present researcher's review of literature, and her reflection on corrective feedback based on her experience as a learner and a teacher.
Corrective Feedback and Second Language acquisition
ABSTRACT The issue of error correction remains controversial in recent years due to the different positions of interface toward implicit and explicit knowledge of ESL learners. This study looks at the impacts of implicit corrective feedback in the form of recast on implicit and explicit knowledge of adult ESL learners. In an experimental study, lower-intermediate learners first were taught the grammatical features; then they completed communicative tasks during which the experimental group received recast and the control group received no feedback when an error occurred. Acquisition was measured by means of tests designed to measure implicit and explicit knowledge. Results of ANCOVA analysis revealed higher score for the experimental group; and result of t-test revealed that recast has significant effect on implicit knowledge. In line with the weak interface position toward implicit and explicit knowledge, the findings extend empirical support for Schmidt’s noticing hypothesis and function of recast in language learning.