Design of a 35-kilowatt bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery for low-earth-orbit applications (original) (raw)
Design of a 35-kilowatt bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery for low Earth orbit application
This preliminary design of a nickel-hydrogen battery utilizing bipolar construction in a common pressure vessel addresses the needs of mt o ltikilowatt storage for tow-earth-orbit applications. The modular concept. with projected energy densities of 20-24 W-hr/lb and 700-900 W-hr/ft33. has significant improvements over state-of-theart capabilities. Other design features are; active cooling, a new scheme for H 2 -0 recombination, and pore size engineering of all cell crimponents.
Test results of a 60 volt bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery
… '87; Proceedings of …, 1987
In July 1986, a high-voltage nickel-hydrogen battery was assembled at the NASA Lewis Research Center. This battery incorporated bipolar construction techniques to build a 50-cell stack with approximately 1.0 A-hr capacity (C) and an open-circuit voltage of 65 V. The battery was ...
Parametric tests of a 40 A h bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery
Journal of Power Sources, 1986
A series of tests was performed to characterize battery performance relating to certam operatmg parameters which mcluded charge current, discharge current, temperature, and pressure. The parameters were varied to confirm battery design concepts and to determme optimal operating conditions.
A Multiphase Mathematical Model of a Nickel/Hydrogen Cell
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1996
A mathematical model for a nickel/hydrogen cell is developed to investigate the dynamic performance of the cell's charge and discharge processes. Concentrated solution theory and the volume averaging technique are used to characterize the transport phenomena of the electrolyte and other species in the porous electrode and separaton Other physical fundamentals, such as Ohm's law, are employed to describe the electrical and other physical processes in the cell. The model is designed to predict the distribution of electrolyte, hydrogen, and oxygen concentrations within the cell, hydrogen and oxygen pressure, potential, current density, electrochemical reaction rates, and state of charge. The model can be used to evaluate the influences of all the physical, design, and operation parameters on the behavior of a nickel-hydrogen cell. The model simulations show excellent agreement with experimental data for charge and discharge operations. The model simulations show the formation of a secondary discharge plateau by the end of discharge. This plateau is caused by oxygen reduction at the nickel electrode. It is the first model that predicts this feature, which is a characteristic of the nickel electrode. The model simulations also show the existence of an optimum charge rate that maximizes the charge efficiency, which can be used for the implementation of optimal operating conditions. In this article we present a mathematical model for a nickel/hydrogen cell (NiOOH/H,) for charge and discharge operations. The nickel/hydrogen battery has several attractive features that make it the prime candidate for energy storage in many aerospace applications. Salient features of this battery are a long cycle lifetime that exceeds any other maintenance-free secondary battery system, high specific energy (energy/weight), high power density, and tolerance to overcharge.1
Operational Performance of the Sacc Satellite Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries
2009
Processing and analysis of telemetry data of the Argentine SAC-C satellite Ni-H2 batteries are presented. Diagnostic indicators were established in order to evaluate the performance in-flight of the satellite’s electricity storage system. The state of charge of the batteries was related to the hydrogen pressure. A predictive analysis allowed us to early detect failures in the electricity storage system.
Ovonic nickel metal hydride batteries for space applications
Ovonic nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable batteries are easily adaptable to a variety of applications. Small consumer NiMH cells have been developed and are now being manufactured by licensees throughout the world. This technology has been successfully scaled up in larger prismatic cells aimed at electric vehicle applications. Sealed cells aimed at satellite power applications have also been built and cycle tested by OBC and other outside agencies. Prototype batteries with high specific energy (over 80 Wh/kg), high energy density (245 Wh/L), and excellent power capability (400 W/kg) have been produced. Ovonic NiMH batteries have demonstrated an excellent cycle life of over 10,000 cycles at 30% DOD. Presently, Ovonic Battery Company is working on an advanced version of this battery for space applications as part of an SBIR contract from NASA.
Metals and Materials International, 2008
Al 0. 3 were fabricated to study the equilibrium hydrogen pressure and electrochemical performance. The surface morphology and structure of the alloys were analyzed by SEM and XRD, and then the hydrogenation behaviors of all alloys were evaluated by PCT and electrochemical half-cell. We studied the hydrogenation behavior of the Lm-based alloy with changes in composition elements such as Mn, Al, and Co and investigated the optimal design for Lm-based alloy in a sealed battery system. As a result of studying the hydrogenation characterization of alloys with the substitution elements, hydrogen storage alloys such as LmNi3.75Co0.45Mn0.5Al0.3 and LmNi3.5Co0.5Mn0.5Al0.5 were obtained to correspond with the characteristics of a sealed battery with a higher capacity, long life cycle, lower internal pressure, and lower battery cost. The capacity preservation rate of LmNi3.5Co0.5Mn0.5Al0.5 was greatly improved to 92.7 % (255 mAh/g) at 60 cycles, indicating a low equilibrium hydrogen pressure of 0.03 atm in PCT devices.
The negative electrode development for a Ni-MH battery prototype
Physica B-condensed Matter, 2009
The negative electrode development for a nickel-metal hydride battery (Ni-MH) prototype was performed with the following procedure: (1) the Lm 0.95Ni 3.8Co 0.3Mn 0.3Al 0.4 (Lm=lanthanum rich mischmetal) intermetallic alloy was elaborated by melting the pure elements in an induction furnace inside a boron nitride crucible under an inert atmosphere, (2) the obtained alloy was crushed and sieved between 44 and 74 μm and mixed with teflonized carbon; (3) the compound was assembled together with a current collector and pressed in a cylindrical matrix. The obtained electrode presented a disc shape, with 11 mm diameter and approximately 1 mm thickness. The crystalline structure of the hydrogen storage alloy was examined using X-ray diffractometry. The measured hcp lattice volume was 1.78% larger than the precursor LaNi 5 intermetallic alloy, increasing the available space for hydrogen movement. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) measurements were used before and after hydriding in order to verify the alloy sample homogeneity. The negative electrode was electrochemically tested by using a laboratory cell. It activates almost totally in its first cycle, which is an excellent characteristic from the commercial point of view. The maximum discharge capacity reached was 314.2 mA h/g in the 10th cycle.
Seventeenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of Conference (Cat. No.02TH8576)
Three 90-Ah dependent pressure vessel (DPV) battery packs are being LEO life tested at Crane. As of 9/10/01, the 40% DOD pack has completed 4,863 total cycles, and the 60% DOD pack has completed 2,885 total cycles. The third pack, formerly tested at 71% DOD but currently run at 60% DOD, had 2,067 total cycles as of 9/24/01. The philosophy of these tests is to minimize charging to maximize life, so all the packs started with low charge-discharge (C/D) ratios. As a result, the charge conditions of the packs, especially the two 60% DOD packs, have been changed to find the appropriate operating points for these cells and packs. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Nickle-hydrogen, Dependent pressure vessel (DPV), LEO life test evaluation 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a.
Assessment of commercially available and experimental hydrogen electrodes
32Nd International Power Sources Symposium, 1986
NASA Lewis Research Center 1s currently Involved 1n advanced cell component development for nickel-hydrogen cells and batteries. Long life, high energy density, Improved performance and reliability are required for energy storage systems 1n future space missions. Commercially available as well as experimental hydrogen electrodes were assessed and compared to the state-ofthe-art hydrogen electrode that 1s currently being used 1n the nickel-hydrogen batteries. These electrodes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and standard electrochemical polarization measurements. Production variables such as Teflon content and platinum catalyst loading were considered 1n order to assess various hydrogen electrodes with regard to the different electrode manufacturing processes.
Hydrogen-absorbing alloys for the NICKEL–METAL hydride battery
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1998
In recent years\ owing to the rapid development of portable electronic and electrical appliances\ the market for rechargeable batteries has increased at a high rate[ The nickel!metal hydride battery "Ni:MH# is one of the more promising types\ because of its high capacity\ high!rate charge:discharge capability and non!polluting nature[ This type of battery uses a hydrogen storage alloy as its negative electrode[ The characteristics of the Ni:MH battery\ including discharge voltage\ high!rate discharge capability and charge:discharge cycle lifetime are mainly determined by the construction of the negative electrode and the composition of the hydrogen!absorbing alloy[ The negative electrode of the Ni:MH battery described in this paper was made from a mixture of hydrogen!absorbing alloy\ nickel powder and polytetra~uoroethylene "PTFE#[ A multicomponent MmNi 4 !based alloy "Mm 9[84 Ti 9[94 Ni 2[74 Co 9[34 Mn 9[24 Al 9[24 # was used as the hydrogen!absorbing alloy[ The discharge characteristics of the negative electrode\ including discharge capacity\ cycle lifetime\ and polarization overpotential\ were studied by means of electrochemical experiments and analysis[ The decay of the discharge capacity for the Ni:MH battery "AA size\ 0 Ah# was about 0) after 099 charge:discharge cycles and 09) after 499 charge:discharge cycles[ Þ 0887 International Association for Hydrogen Energy
AB 5-type hydrogen storage alloy used as anodic materials in Ni-MH batteries
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2007
The performance of a nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery depends enormously on the characteristics of the negative electrode. The metal hydride LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.4Fe0.35 alloy powder can be used as the negative electrode material. The characteristics of the LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.4Fe0.35, including the polarization resistance, the exchange current density and the equilibrium potential were studied as functions of the number of cycles. The exchange current density of the alloy electrode increases with the increasing number of charge/discharge cycles and then remains almost constant after activation. The increase of the exchange current density is mainly attributed to the increase of the electrocatalytic activity of the LaNi3.55Mn0.4Al0.3Co0.4Fe0.35 alloy. The constant potential discharge technique was used to evaluate the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the compound at various states of charge (SOC). It is seen that the diffusion coefficient increases with the hydrogen content in the alloy.
Nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) battery using Mg2Ni-type hydrogen storage alloy
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2000
The performance of a sealed prismatic prototype Ni-MH battery having a Mg-Ni-Y-Al alloy anode was investigated. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The laboratory tests run on this prototype battery as well as the single electrode was compared. The electrochemical behavior was determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The battery has a good dischargeability but a high self-discharge rate during storage at open-circuit state.
batteries Editorial Research in Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries 2016
Nineteen papers focusing on recent research investigations in the field of nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries have been selected for this Special Issue of Batteries. These papers summarize the joint efforts in Ni/MH battery research from BASF, Wayne State University, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Michigan State University, and FDK during 2015–2016 through reviews of basic operational concepts, previous academic publications, issued US Patent and filed Japan Patent Applications, descriptions of current research results in advanced components and cell constructions, and projections of future works.
High Energy Density Rechargeable Batteries for Aerospace Power Requirements
1987
16 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION 17 COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUBGROUP Batteries High Energy Density Fuel Cells Spacecraft Power Requirements 4-1 1-. I i 19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) The power requirements of Air Force Space Division (AFSD) space missions that expect to be in a request for proposal phase by the 1995-1996 time frame have b en evaluated through discussions with AFSD and The Aerospace Corporation program offices. In light of t4 eeC (I requirements the rechargeable battery and fuel cell technologies that are expected to be available for these missions are identified, and areas of technology development that will be required for each energy storage system are indicated. The general conclusions are that the nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen battery systems will be able to satisfy the space power needs through the early 1990s, after which a significantly higher energy density system will be required, particularly for geosynchronous and mid-altitude orbit missions. The sodium sulfur battery is the only system projected to meet the requirements of the most power intensive missions that are expected to operate in higher orbits by the mid-1990s. For low earth orbit missions the nickel hydrogen battery system is expected to provide the required 20 DISTRIBUTION, AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION O]UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED JR SAME AS RPT [3 DTIC USERS Unclassified 22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL DD FORM 1473. 84 MAR 83 APR editon may be used until exhausted SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE All other editions are obsolete UNCLASSIFIED ~'~*~ ~ '*-~%v..v
Nickel metal hydride batteries for high power applications
Journal of power …, 2001
During the last decade, the use of Ni/MH batteries [1] has spread quickly for consumer applications, mainly for portable electronic equipment. However, power capability should be improved to answer the increased power demands of the different types of hybrid vehicles ...