Actinomycetes: a yet inexhaustive source of bioactive secondary metabolites (original) (raw)
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Reappraisal of actinomycetes for novel bioactive metabolites
Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal, 2017
The appearance of new deadly diseases like cancer and the burgeoning problem of drug resistance among common bacteria l pathogens are a serious threat to a vailable trea tments. Since the channels of compounds under development are limited, this necessitates the discovery of new drugs. It is where actinomycetes can complement in the accomplishment of development of thera peu tically new bioactive compounds, predomina ntly u sed in antibiotic production. Actinomycetes are diverse in their location and have proven ability to produce new bioactive compounds. By employing modern microbiological and molecular technologies, the target-directed search for detection and isolation of bioactive actinomycetes is gaining more strength. Therefore, the innova tive isolation of actinomycetes from extreme ecosystems, their identification and cultivation using novel techniques are imperative to pursue for drug discovery.
Diversity and Versatility of Actinomycetes and its Role in Antibiotic Production
2013
Article history: Received on: 06/06/2013 Revised on: 27/06/2013 Accepted on: 14/08/2013 Available online: 18/09/2013 This review summarizes about the actinomycetes and their capability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which have been successfully isolated and turned into useful drugs and other organic chemicals. Microbial pathogens are becoming increasingly resistant to available treatments so new antibiotics are needed, but the channel of compounds under development is scarce. There is frantic need of new microbial agents to fight against the antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, which are rapidly increasing gradually. Therefore, actinomycetes hold a prominent position due to their diversity and proven ability to produce new bioactive compounds predominantly used in antibiotic production. A critical element in a drug discovery based on microbial extracts is the isolation of unexploited groups of microorganisms that are at the same time good p...
Biodiversity of Actinomycetes and Their Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review
Journal of advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Background: Among prokaryotes, Actinomycetes are one of the most explored microorganism due to their capability of novel bioactive secondary metabolites production. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites are known for their role in different cellular, physiological and biological processes. Main body: Actinomycetes are most widely distributed in natural ecosystem habitats such as soil, hypersaline soil, rhizosphere soil, freshwater, limestone, volcanic cave, marine sediments, sponges, and desert. Actinomycetes bioactive secondary metabolites most important features are that they have specific microbial producers, diverse bioactivities and unique chemical structures. Some important antibiotics produced by actinomycetes are actinomycetin, mycetin, micromonosporin and from actinomyces are lysozyme, actinomycin, streptothricin, proactinomycin and streptomycin. These antibiotics differ greatly in their structure, antimicrobial and toxicity properties. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites include spirotetronate, quinones, lactams, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, diketones, aromatic ketones, ansamycin, glycopeptides, lactones, Tetracenediones, anthracyclines, macrolides, fattiviracins, polyenes and tetracyclines, natural polycyclic polyketide. Conclusion: This review study summarized that Actinomycetes are naturally distributed species found in diverse environments. It is assumed that actinomycetes species found in extreme conditions have the capability to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites that remain unexplored yet.
2020
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive, aerobic and thread like bacteria with high DNA G+C contents. They are free-living, saprophytic, and abundant in soil, water, and colonizing nodulating plants. Actinomycetes assume a significant job in reusing squanders in the earth and they are additionally the makers of thousands of metabolic items, which display organic action. Due to the outstanding history of actinomycetes in the production of bioactive molecules for human interest, a large number of efforts have been made on the isolation, characterization and identification from terrestrial sources in the past half-decade. Secondary metabolites obtained from various potential strains of actinomycetes are very effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Many researchers both nationally and internationally isolated this potential group of microorganisms from soil, water, sediment etc. and checked their potential antimicrobial activity. In the present review, antibiotic potential o...
Update on Bioactive Molecules of Actinomycetes
Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 2014
Marine and terrestrial regions are explored from many years and their bioactive compounds are being exploited. As the use of therapeutic novel compounds increases, researchers from all over the world started exploring oceans for bioactive compounds. Actinomycetes, filamentous bacteria have been extensively studied for their therapeutic compounds. They are found to occur in aquatic environments; freshwater and marine habitats. Mostly the marine actinomycetes have attracted a great attention as they have unique metabolic and physiological capabilities. Aquatic habitats enable them to survive in extremes of pressure, salinity and temperature, with the potential production of novel secondary metabolites not observed in actinomycetes, isolated from terrestrial habitats. Secondary metabolites produced from these actinomycetes viz. amino glycosides (streptomycin and kanamycin), ansamycins (rifampicin), anthracyclines (doxorubicin), blactam (cephalosporines), macrolides (erythromycin and tetracycline) and many others are considered to be bioactive. The biological diversity of actinomycetes is enormous in nature with diverse chemical compounds. These diverse chemical compounds have been responsible for great biological activities such as antimicrobial, antimalarial, antidiabetic, antitumor, antioxidant, insecticidal, antitubercular etc. Hence there is a scope of developing these bioactive metabolites as a potent therapeutic drug or lead compounds. However, the potential of actinomycetes is correctly studied though the exact wealth of these is unexplored.
Actinomycetes: potential bio-resource for human welfare: A review
Microbial natural products are the origin of most of the antibiotics in the market today. There is an alarming scarcity of new antibiotics currently under development in the pharmaceutical industry. Still, microbial natural products remain the most promising source of novel antibiotics, although new approaches are required to improve the efficiency of the discovery process. Actinomycetes which are the prolific producers of antibi-otics and important suppliers to the pharmaceutical and other industry they are well known for their ability to produce secondary metabolites many of which are active against pathogenic microorganisms. It is only more recently that actinomycetes have become recognized as a source of novel antibiotics and anticancer agents with unusual structures and properties. They are a promising source of wide range of important enzymes, some of which are produced on an industrial scale, but many other remained to be harnessed. The application of enzymes in diverse biotechnological industries indicates a positive trend which needs to be satisfied with the discovery of novel enzymes and metabolites. Since very few enzymes have been potentially utilize data the industrial level; there is a huge scope for the development of robust and low cost enzymes. Actinomycetes are a reservoir of important enzymes and metabolites due to their versatile genetic repertory. They perform microbial transformations of organic compounds, a field of great commercial value. Members of many genera of actinomycetes have potential for use in the bioconversion of underutilized agricultural and urban wastes into high-value chemical products.
Marine actinomycetes: An ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites
Actinomycetes are virtually unlimited sources of novel compounds with many therapeutic applications and hold a prominent position due to their diversity and proven ability to produce novel bioactive compounds. There are more than 22,000 known microbial secondary metabolites, 70% of which are produced by actinomycetes, 20% from fungi, 7% from Bacillus spp. and 1-2% by other bacteria. Among the actinomycetes, streptomycetes group are considered economically important because out of the approximately more than 10,000 known antibiotics, 50-55% are produced by this genus. The ecological role of actinomycetes in the marine ecosystem is largely neglected and various assumptions meant there was little incentive to isolate marine strains for search and discovery of new drugs. The search for and discovery of rare and new actinomycetes is of significant interest to drug discovery due to a growing need for the development of new and potent therapeutic agents. Modern molecular technologies are adding strength to the target-directed search for detection and isolation of bioactive actinomycetes, and continued development of improved cultivation methods and molecular technologies for accessing the marine environment promises to provide access to this significant new source of chemical diversity with novel/rare actinomycetes including new species of previously reported actinomycetes.