CHAPTER 1: MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN (original) (raw)

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Abstract

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Malnutrition in children arises from various intertwined factors including food insecurity, poor knowledge regarding nutritional needs, and socio-economic conditions. The study aims to evaluate the nutritional status of primary school children in a specific community and promote nutritional education (NE) to enhance understanding of food choices, ultimately improving children's quality of life.

Undernutrition in Children: An Updated Review

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 2017

Undernutrition is defined as being underweight for one's age, too short for one's age (stunting), dangerously thin for one's height (wasting) and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient deficiencies) as an outcome of insufficient food intake, inadequate care and infectious diseases. Undernutrition is widely recognized as a major health problem in the developing countries of the world. Undernutrition affects more than one third of world's children, and nearly 30% of people of all ages in the developing world, making this the most damaging form of malnutrition worldwide. Ayurveda explains the disease Karshya which can be taken as the nutritional deficiency disorder which may be a result of under nutrition or malnutrition. Nutritional deficiency where the weight loss (underweight) is main event can be considered as Karshya. The present article details all the updates regarding undernutrition in children.

Defining Pediatric Malnutrition

Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2013

Evaluation of nutrition status and provision of adequate nutrition are crucial components in the overall management of children during illness because malnutrition is prevalent and affects normal growth, development, other clinical outcomes, and resource utilization. 1 Large-scale international studies have attributed a majority of all childhood deaths to undernutrition, with high relative risks of mortality for severe malnutrition. In the developed world, malnutrition is predominantly related to disease, chronic conditions, trauma, burns, or surgery (henceforth referred to as illness-related malnutrition in this article). Illness-related malnutrition in children may be attributed to nutrient loss, increased energy expenditure, decreased nutrient intake, or altered nutrient utilization. These factors are seen frequently in relation to acute illnesses such as trauma, burns, and infections, as well as chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic kidney disease, malignancies, congenital heart disease (CHD), gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and neuromuscular diseases. In addition to the anthropometric changes in acute malnutrition, chronic malnutrition may be characterized by stunting (decreased height velocity). Although several studies have reported a prevalence of illness-related malnutrition of 6%-51% in hospitalized children, this condition is probably underrecognized. 4-6 Lack of uniform definitions, heterogeneous nutrition screening practices, and failure to prioritize nutrition as part of patient care are some of the factors responsible for underrecognition of the prevalence of malnutrition and its impact on clinical outcomes. To date, a uniform definition of malnutrition in children has remained elusive. Current terminologies such as protein-energy malnutrition, marasmus, and kwashiorkor describe the effects of malnutrition but do not account for the variety of etiologies and dynamic interactions that are relevant to nutrition depletion in children. A better definition of malnutrition is essential to reach the following goals: (a) early identification of those at risk of malnutrition, (b) comparison of malnutrition prevalence between studies and centers, (c) development of uniform screening tools, (d) development of thresholds for intervention, (e) collection of meaningful nutrition data, and (f) evidence-based analysis of the impact of malnutrition and its treatment on patient outcomes. To address this issue, an interdisciplinary American Society for 972P ENXXX10.1177/0148607113479972Journ

International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences The Effects of Protein-Energy Malnutrition On Children Under Five Years of Age

Nutritive status is one of the essential pointers for crucial signs of health. Malnutrition is a public health problem of significant significance in growing countries. Malnutrition affects about one in five children and is associated with a higher risk of inflammation and other diseases. This review identifies several protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) types and presents our perspective on PEM. This review outlines the diseases caused by PEM and the variables influenced by PEM. Additionally, it describes how children are fed in India. The term "severe acute malnutrition" has replaced the term PEM, which was once used to describe children with severe wasting and kwashiorkor (nutritional edema). The determinants of PEM can be broadly divided into four groups: biological, environmental, behavioural, and healthcare service-related factors. This article reviews malnutrition health status in developing countries, its classifications, determinants, epidemiology and impact, biochemical disturbances in the body, laboratory investigation, diseases, effects on the brain, and influence of climate change.

Factors that Contribute to Prevalence of Malnutrition among Children Between 0-5years in Mbutu, Aboh Mbaise, Imo State

2018

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems. It may involve calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals. Not enough nutrients are called under nutrition or undernourishment while too much is called over nutrition (Bhuttaet al., 2008). Malnutrition is often used to specifically refer to under nutrition where an individual is not getting enough calories, protein, or micronutrients. If under nutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme undernourishment, known as starvation, may have symptoms that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen. People also often get infections and are frequently cold. The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking Kenton, (2014).

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References (206)

  1. Increase your baby"s meals to five times a day.
  2. Keep on breastfeeding your baby.
  3. Offer your baby clean safe water regularly.
  4. Take your baby to the clinic every month. Preliminary PFBDGs: One -seven years 1. Encourage children to eat a variety of foods.
  5. Feed children five small meals a day.
  6. Make starchy foods the basis of a child"s main meals.
  7. Children need plenty of vegetables and fruit every day .
  8. Children need to drink milk every day.
  9. Children can eat chicken, fish, meat, eggs, beans, soya or peanut butter every day.
  10. If children have sweet treats or drinks, offer small amounts with meals.
  11. Offer children clean, safe water regularly.
  12. Take children to the clinic every three months.
  13. Encourage children to play and be active every day. Studies relating to the PFBDGs will reflect in Table 2.3, as they have been implemented only in a small province.
  14. Tea, brewed (ml)
  15. Cold drink, squash (ml)
  16. Milk, fresh full cream (ml)
  17. Fruit juice (ml)
  18. Maize meal, stiff (g)
  19. Rice, cooked (g)
  20. Beef, cooked (g)
  21. Water (ml)
  22. Maize meal, soft (g)
  23. Potato crisps, snack (g) 15. Polony (g) 16. Sweets (g)
  24. Sugar, brown and white (g)
  25. Fish, cooked (g)
  26. Tomato and onion gravy (ml) 20. Cookies (g)
  27. Tea brewed (ml)
  28. Maize meal, stiff (g)
  29. Fruit juice (ml)
  30. Milk, fresh (ml)
  31. Polony (g)
  32. Coffee (ml)
  33. Maize meal, soft (g)
  34. Cold drink, carbonated (ml) 11. Snacks, chips (g)
  35. means consumed (Pre-intervention with control group) (n=20) FOOD ITEM DESCRIPTION (uom*)
  36. Fruit juice (ml)
  37. Maize meal, soft (g)
  38. Milk fresh, full cream (ml)
  39. Maize meal, stiff (g)
  40. Tea, brewed (ml)
  41. Chicken, cooked (g)
  42. Cold drink, squash (ml)
  43. 9 Top 20 food list and means consumed (Post-intervention with control group) (n=20) FOOD ITEM DESCRIPTION (uom*)
  44. Maize meal, stiff (g)
  45. Tea (ml)
  46. Cold drink (ml)
  47. Water (ml)
  48. Fruit juice (ml)
  49. Chicken (g)
  50. Apple (g)
  51. Peach (g)
  52. Snacks, chips (g)
  53. Polony (g)
  54. Rice, cooked (g)
  55. Cheese, slices (g)
  56. Gravy (ml)
  57. Maize meal, stiff (g)
  58. Tea, brewed (ml)
  59. Fruit juice (ml)
  60. Cold drink, carbonated (ml)
  61. Milk, fresh (ml)
  62. Chicken, cooked (g)
  63. Polony (g)
  64. Maize meal, soft (g)
  65. Rice, cooked (g)
  66. Beef, cooked (g)
  67. Chicken feet, cooked (g)
  68. Cheese, slice (g)
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