Nanotechnology for Diabetes: A Review (original) (raw)
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Nanoparticles and the new era in diabetes management
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been known to mankind for more than 2000 years. DM is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by a complete lack of insulin, a relative lack of insulin, or insulin resistance. The increase in prevalence of DM is due to three infl uences: lifestyle, ethnicity, and age. Current challenges in diabetes management include: optimizing the use of the already available therapies to ensure adequate glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control and to reduce complications. At present several researches have been focusing on new management options for diabetes. Among these options the use of nanomedicine is becoming an eye catching and most promising. The aim of the present review is to provide brief overview of the applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in diabetes management. The development of improved oral insulin administration is very essential for the treatment of DM to overcome the problem of daily subcutaneous injections. In diabetic patients oral administration of insulin can be benefi cial not only to alleviate the pain and trauma caused by injections, but it can also mimic the physiological fate of insulin as well. It has been found that NPs of chitosan, calcium pectinate zinc oxide, alginate, casein and different polymers have been used as a carrier for oral insulin delivery. Buccal administration of insulin with absorption enhancers showed a maximum 12% pharmacological activity. Biodegradable Polymeric NPs for parenteral insulin delivery have also been used, where the insulin matrix surrounded by the nanoporous membrane containing grafted glucose oxidase. A rise in blood glucose level triggers a change in the surrounding nanoporous membrane, resulting in biodegradation and subsequent insulin delivery. Inhalable, polymeric NP-based drug delivery systems have also been tried earlier for the treatment of tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease treatment. Such approaches can be directed toward insulin delivery through inhalable NPs. All previous studies resulted in post treatment accumulation of the NPs in skin and eyes. These drug delivery technologies are in various stages of research and development. The medical applications for nanotechnology are enormous and could give medicine, including the treatment of diabetes, an entirely new outlook.
Oral delivery of insulin associated to polymeric nanoparticles in diabetic rats
Journal of Controlled Release, 2007
Nanoparticles prepared with a blend of a biodegradable polyester (poly(-ε-caprolactone)) and a polycationic non-biodegradable acrylic polymer (Eudragit® RS) have been used as a drug carrier for oral administration of insulin. The rate of encapsulation of insulin was around 96%. The therapeutic efficiency of oral insulin nanoparticles (25, 50 and 100 IU/kg) in diabetic rats and the intestinal uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled insulin were studied. When administered orally by force-feeding to diabetic rats, insulin nanoparticles decreased fasted glycemia in a dose dependant manner with a maximal effect observed with 100 IU/kg. These insulin nanoparticles also increased serum insulin levels and improved the glycemic response to an oral glucose challenge for a prolonged period of time. FITC-Insulin-loaded nanoparticles strongly adhered to the intestinal mucosa and labeled insulin, either released and/or still inside nanoparticles, was mainly taken up by the Peyer's patches. It is concluded that polymeric nanoparticles allows the preservation of insulin's biological activity. In addition, the antidiabetic effect can be explained by the mucoadhesive properties of the polycationic polymer (Eudragit ® RS) allowing the intestinal uptake of insulin.
Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications
Molecules
Diabetes mellitus, an incurable metabolic disease, is characterized by changes in the homeostasis of blood sugar levels, being the subcutaneous injection of insulin the first line treatment. This administration route is however associated with limited patient’s compliance, due to the risk of pain, discomfort and local infection. Nanoparticles have been proposed as insulin carriers to make possible the administration of the peptide via friendlier pathways without the need of injection, i.e., via oral or nasal routes. Nanoparticles stand for particles in the nanometer range that can be obtained from different materials (e.g., polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, lipid) and are commonly used with the aim to improve the physicochemical stability of the loaded drug and thereby its bioavailability. This review discusses the use of different types of nanoparticles (e.g., polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, micelles, nanoemulsions and also drug nanosuspension...
An Overview on Polymeric Nanoparticles used in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
The review was carried out to discuss in detail about the polymeric nanoparticles for diabetic treatment. The diabetes is the chronic metabolic disorder characterized by the deficiency of insulin production. The various treatments are available for the diabetes and the nanoparticles are having the several advantages. The various types of nanoparticles are available for the anti-diabetic drugs; the polymeric nanoparticles are the one of the most commonly used nanoparticles. The polymeric nanoparticles are commonly 10-1000nm in size. The polymeric nanoparticles are formulated by drug with the polymers. The main advantages of the polymeric nanoparticles are the simplest preparation method, targeted delivery, the minimizing of the dose and high therapeutic efficiency. In this review was mainly can be focused on advantages, disadvantages of polymeric nanoparticles, various polymers, various formulation techniques, diabetes disease profile, insulin production, various anti-diabetic drugs and the polymeric nanoparticle formulation of anti-diabetic drugs.
The role of nanotechnology in diabetes treatment: current and future perspectives
International Journal of Nanotechnology, 2011
Diabetes is a chronic disease that currently affects approximately 8% of the US population, and that number is expected to increase significantly by the year 2030. It is imperative that effective monitoring and treatment options be available to patients. Nanotechnology is a focal point in diabetes research, where nanoparticles in particular are showing great promise in improving the treatment and management of the disease. Due to their ability to potentially enhance drug delivery to areas where there are barriers or unfavourable environments for macromolecules, nanoparticles are being explored as vehicles for improved oral insulin formulations. The use of nanotechnology in the development of glucose sensors is also a prominent focus in non-invasive glucose monitoring systems. Finally, compelling but relatively unexplored applications of nanotechnology, such as the development of an artificial pancreas, are discussed. Overall, nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact several areas of current and future diabetes research.
Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Diabetes
IJPSM, 2021
One of the significant purposes of nanotechnology in the field of medical science is the utilization of nanotechnology in drug delivery to target the tissue for the treatment of disease like diabetes. The biologically compatible nanoparticles with biological, chemical, physical properties may be useful to enhance and overcome the limitations which are caused in the use of traditional medicine system by boosting the rate of drug release ,enhancing drug solubility, and improving the diffusion and distribution of drugs. In this review, we have highlighted on the term diabetes and its different types. Diabetes is becoming an epidemic, more than 366 millions of people around the world are affected. This, article also focuses on the role of nanoparticles in the management of diabetes also its different types of as well as its applications and uses in the treatment of diabetes.
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON USING NANOPARTICLES FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2024
If ignored, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease marked by high levels of blood glucose, can have serious negative effects on one's health. The efficacy, safety, and patient compliance of traditional treatment approaches, like insulin injections and oral me dications, are frequently hampered. Nanoparticle-based methods have shown promise in recent years as improved diabetes management techniques. Enhanced bioavailability, prolonged therapeutic effects, and targeted drug delivery are just a few of the special benefits that come with using nanoparticles. An overview of current perspectives on using nanoparticles for diabetes control is given in this review. The properties, production processes, and potential uses of several types of nanoparticles, such as polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanoparticles, in the management of diabetes are covered. These nanoparticles allow for the precise delivery of therapeutic agents, such as insulin or anti-diabetic medications, to specific target tissues, like the liver or pancreas. It discusses how inorganic nanoparticles, Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs), and Lipid-Based Nanoparticles (LNPs) contribute to improved drug solubility, targeted delivery, and controlled release. Several methods for synthesizing polymeric nanoparticles are described. It also discusses the potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of some nanoparticles and how crucial they are to lowering diabetes-related issues. By incorporating the most recent research, this review offers a comprehensive summary of the current developments in the use of nanoparticles for diabetes control, paving the way for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and tailored interventions.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. An Overview
Acta Scientific Medical Sciences, 2023
Nanotechnology can provide new solutions for diabetes management by developing more accurate .and less invasive methods for glucose monitoring and insulin delivery. For example, nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents to help diagnose type 1 diabetes at an early stage, or as carriers for oral insulin formulations that can bypass the digestive enzymes and reach the bloodstream. Nanosensors can also be implanted or worn on the skin to measure glucose levels continuously and wirelessly, reducing the need for painful finger pricks and frequent testing. Moreover, nanotechnology can enable smart insulin delivery systems that can automatically release insulin in response to variations in blood glucose levels, mimicking the function of a healthy pancreas. This review aims to highlight the recent advances and challenges of nanotechnology in diabetes treatment and prevention.
Diabetes can result when the accurate control of insulin levels fails in the body. As a result, insulin has been conventionally administered for the treatment of diabetes mainly through subcutaneous injection. There have been several attempts to administer insulin orally. However, the oral bioavailability of insulin is strictly limited, mainly by low permeability across biological membranes. Advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology have recently led to the discovery of several new approaches for the delivery of drugs. In this concept, nanobiomaterials have been shown to be promising candidates for oral insulin delivery. This chapter describes the recent advances and future prospects of using nanobiomaterials for innovative drug-delivery systems.