Computer Application in Routing of Road using Least-Cost Path Analysis in Hillside Development (original) (raw)
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Optimal route planning is a big environmentally and economically challenging issue in high terrain mountain areas which needs the scientific methods least-cost path analysis (LCPA) in a Geographic Information System (GIS). In planning most suitable routes for roads, topography always acts as a significant role as a constraint. The LCPA for a road gives planners and engineers a way to find the best (cheapest) route from starting and ending within two locations which can be calculated easily considering multiple criteria in a GIS. Finding the least-cost route for a road using GIS technologies has made possible the implementation of various kinds of linear infrastructure, like the best route for a road. This paper aims an integrated multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and LCPA approach to determine the best route for a road given the topography and function relating slope, land use and cost using the GIS. The study found that roads should be kept away from embellished slopes. The LCPA model was tested in the form of an example for the most suitable route planning in uphill site development using ArcGIS 9.3.
USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS AND GIS FOR DECISION MAKING IN RURAL HIGHWAY ROUTE LOCATION
Rural highway route location is a very complex case, requiring significant time and effort from the planners. This study presented the route location method by applying Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The location of the study is confined to south Mosul city in Iraq of the area (198km 2). The researcher is behind defining the route which connects Baghdad-Mosul and Mosul-Kirkuk roadways. This route is considered the suggested turn to Mosul city. A variety of data set from different sources and at different scales are managed. A questionnaire has been made with a group of decision makers and specialists in designing and constructing roadways to point out the relative importance of location criteria that was done by following pairwise comparison after building a hierarchical framework to evaluate the criteria. The relative importance is found as follows: land use (23%), water resources (26%), slope (10%), soil bearing (10%), environmental impact (5%), hydrology (8%), settlement area (11%) and linear engineering structure (7%). A basic for sub-criteria weighted within designed criteria was conducted according to cost and engineering properties. The study is based on an accurate digital space data of 0.6m to define and insert the data and locations of these criteria and change it into digital data by using GIS Program-ArcMap10. It is used as a tool in the hands of decision makers to determine the Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. This influences the defined route as part of the stages of route design by formulating the equivalent cost surface to the mentioned criteria. Many maps and special framework of insertion of data analysis of the adjusted surface have been used to define the optimal route. It was also conducted to evaluate this route compared with the shortest possible route and tracks proposed by the relevant agencies in Mosul city, it was found that the optimal route reduces valuable cost surface by up to between (21.8% to 63.7%) for the other tracks. The cost surface is changed to form many alternatives with different lengths to define Least Cost Route. That is done by economic assessment of the influential criteria on the suggested routes. A shorter route than the optimal one is gained with less cost of (2.25%) to reduce the environmental impacts and travel time and use of GIS to get the rate of criteria in every suggested route to facilitate the process of decision making.
Planning of Access Road Using Satellite Technology and Best Path Modeling Mohd Hasmadi Ismail
Modern Applied Science, 2009
Forest road construction for harvest operation are always been subjected to certain constrictions and limitations. Engineering practices on forest road alignment are hindered by costly environmental and operational assessment. GIS tools and related data such as remote sensing allows in allocating suitable access road by taking consideration of environmental and cost implication. The aim of this study is to present the method of integration of remote sensing data and GIS in allocating access road for forest harvesting using best path modeling. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study are to allocate the optimal forest roads network in forest operation, and to determine the density of forest road network. Allocating the best paths for forest road access for timber harvesting is a problem that can be solved by computer based approaches using spatial modeling. Spatial modeling is used to compute the indicative factors that suit road allocation. The model developed and designed using GIS to propose feasibility forest road allocation in the hill area. The method was designed to produce road layouts taking topographical features and forest environmental constraints into special consideration. In this study, four grid themes influencing the road construction were identified; elevation, slope, barrier of lake and distance to existing roads. The total of access road aligned and proposed in the respective area was 28,745.35m. Meanwhile the overall density calculated in selected compartments was about 9.93m/ha (0.80%). The densities of road paths presented here were achieved below as outlined by the forestry department. Thus, there is potential to reduce damage to the residual stand and to the ground area disturbance by the harvesting operation. The forest road alignment and information in this study provides an initial foundation on which GIS can be used for this kind of analysis in forest road planning. The result is not only associated with forest transportation, but at the same time is useful to identify a risk of road construction to the environment. This revealed that the minimum density of forest road construction can help mitigate the loss of ecological services of tropical forest subject to logging pressure and lead to greater financial benefit in future operations.
A GIS-Assisted Optimal Urban Route Selection Based On Multi Criteria Approach
The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, 2009
Route planning analysis in Geographical Information System (GIS) provides strong decision support for users in searching optimal route, finding the optimal path is an important advanced analysis function in GIS. This paper presents the problem of selecting route to connect two locations in Baghdad city; Alkadomiyah and Algria'at. Four alternatives were investigated using a multi criteria approach and spatial decision support system, (SDSS) that will assist a decision-maker, to select the optimal route for a new road path. In ARCGIS 9.2, spatial analysis has been used to carry out the search strategy. In general, the goal of this study is to develop a (GIS)-based model to determine suitable route. Therefore, the required data for the proposed model building were identified by using, land use, transportation maps, aerial photographs and demographic features then reviewed for model development requirements. Four factors were considered; Geotechnical, Geometrical, social and economical factors for multi-criteria evaluation to select the best route alternative. ARC GIS 9.2 software was used for the analysis and model building requirements. In actualizing the aim, satellite images of the study area was provided while the land-use map was obtained from Design Office-Amanat Baghdad. The land-use over the study area was classified into eight different classes. A Digital Elevated Model (DEM) over the study area was downloaded from the Global Mapper Software, used to derive the slope map over the area of study and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used in weighting the criterions. Finally, the case study demonstrated that GIS based on multi-criteria approach is recognized to be used as a tool for the optimum route selection by considering the factors affecting on the decision-maker route selection. Furthermore, saving of money, time and effort.
A Decision Support System for Allocation of Mountain Forest Roads Based on Ground Stability
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2014
The main purpose of this research was to introduce a method for planning forest road network by combining geographical information system (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a form that environmental factors such as ground stability were incorporated in the planning process. After collection of data and building the necessary maps of study area, the effective factors in forest road allocation were identified and forest potential to road construction was determined and classified. After that, the maps of slope, volume per hectare, aspect, altitude, forest type, and ground stability were prepared. In the next step, concerning the importance and the role of the mentioned elements in the road construction cost, prepared maps were rated using AHP to determine the weight of both the effective factors and their categories. Then, forest potential map of road construction was prepared by overlaying the weighted maps of the mentioned factors. The later map was categorized to three classes including high, moderate and low capability. The results of this study showed that about 88 % of the proposed roads were located in the regions with high and moderate road construction capability; as well, it provided an accessibility of 80 % for the plan area. Results also showed that using of a GIS-AHP method could improve the accessibility to the district and could ensure that routs will pass from stable regions. The introduced method can be used as a useful method for planning of forest road network in mountain areas.
GIS-based route planning in landslide-prone areas
International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2005
Many parts of the world with young mountain chains, such as the Himalayas, are highly susceptible to landslides. Due to general ruggedness and steep slopes, roads provide the only way of transportation and connectivity in such terrains. Generally, landslide hazards are overlooked during route planning. In this study, in a test area in the Himalayas, various thematic layers, viz. landslide distribution, landslide hazard zonation, landuse/landcover, drainage order and lithology are generated and integrated using Remote Sensing-GIS techniques. The integrated data layer in raster form has been called a 'thematic cost map' and provides an estimate of the cost of route development and maintenance. The relative cost assignment is based on experts' knowledge. Route planning is based on neighbourhood analysis to find various movement possibilities from a pixel to its immediate neighbours. A number of patterns such as those analogous to movements in chess games have been considered. Two new neighbourhood patterns, named here Knight31 and Knight32, have been conceived in addition to commonly used Rook, Bishop and Knight patterns. The neighbourhood movement cost for moving from one pixel to a connected neighbour has been calculated for a 767 pixel window considering distance, gradient cost and thematic cost. Dijkstra's algorithm has been applied to compute the least-cost route between source and destination points. A few examples are presented to show the utility of this approach for a landslide-safe automatic route planning for a highly rugged hilly terrain.
Jordan Journal, 2022
Defining the optimal horizontal corridor of a highway through an area is one of the major decisions in road design to minimize total cost. It is considered one of the most complicated spatial problems which can hardly be solved without using Geographic Information Systems (GISs), because of its significant property of controlling a large amount of spatial and non-spatial data, in addition to performing many types of analysis. Some of the construction costs is related to the highway profile, such as the roadside retaining walls. The need for retaining walls should be recognized during the preliminary design phase and should be shown on the hearing plan (NHDOT, 2014). This study aims to estimate the retaining wall effect in determining the optimal horizontal corridor of a highway at the preliminary design phase. The locations and heights of predicted retaining walls are determined with the application of GIS by using the Least-Cost Path Analysis (LCPA) method. On the other hand, the Circular Failure Chart (CFC) method is incorporated to evaluate the safe height of the slope. A mathematical model for finding the optimum corridor between two points is implemented, considering the impact of retaining wall costs.
Multi-Criteria Decision-based Model for Road Network Process
This paper addresses a multi-criteria decision based methodology to develop a road network cost function for route finding analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Over the years, several studies relating to route planning process in GIS and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been conducted, most of which rely on the use of one-dimensional variables like distance or time as a cost function. This paper, in contrast, investigates multi-dimensional variables to define the cost function using a multicriteria decision making approach. To this end, first additional realistic variables which have quantitative as well as qualitative characteristics are taken into account. These include climate, sight-seeing information, road type, and so on. Second, they are combined using a Multi-Dimensional Cost Model (MDCM) using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The models developed were implemented and closely evaluated in northern parts of Iran. The resulting routs showed to be more accurate than those obtained utilizing one-dimensional cost functions.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
An appropriate road network imposes on planners take into account factors such as land use, slope, soil type, hydrology, and agricultural area. Due to various considerations and desires, the planning process is difficult hence there may be confusion in interest in the decision-making process. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) assist planners in achieving more detailed and desirable results. Thus, reducing the complexity of the planning process and helping various stakeholders for drawing to general conclusion. The study site was chosen on an area between the cities of Ramadi and Heet in Anbar Province, western Iraq, where it suffers from congestion and traffic accidents. This research aims to integrate a set of evaluation criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a spatial multicriteria model to find the optimal path in the study area. In this study, two alternate paths were proposed and compared with the current path to find the best path. Finally, the results indicated that the first alternative is 36% better. This research succeeded in proving that it is possible to decide a rural highway route between two cities using GIS and MCDA.